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*===Human blood stage===
*===Mosquito stage===
→Vaccine
===Malaria in Yaeyama, Okinawa, Japan===
*[https://storymaps.arcgis.com/storiescollections/33f52181304644d98a4f500bd17e747b Forgotten b8f0dcc7c52746e8837e9aecb1833db0 Malaria History of Infectious Disease in Yaeyama area - Wartime War Malaria and & Malaria Elimination(in 4 languages)]*[https://scgismapswww.mapsamazon.arcgisco.comjp/gp/appsproduct/MapSeries4901427261/index.html?appid=79e8be8002094269bb4de0d09c1374ba 八重山のマラリア史 － 戦争マラリアとマラリア撲滅 －マラリア撲滅への挑戦者たち (やいま文庫13) 南風原 英育]
==Pathogenand life cycle==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1v55yg0RfoY YouTube: Malaria Lifecycle Part 1]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MxiWp8vkRFI YouTube: Malaria Lifecycle Part 2]
===etymology===
*''sporo-''
**
*''mero-''
**[Gr] part
*''tropho-''
**
*''hypno-''
**
*''-zoite'', ''-zont''
**
*''gameto-''
**
*''oo-''
**
*''-kinate''
**
*''-cyst''
**
*sporozoite*merozoite*trophozoite*schizont*hypnozoite*gametocyte*ookinate*oocyst ===Human liver stage===#schizontsprozoite→schizont
##hypnozoite only by ''P. vivax'' and ''P. ovale''
#merozoite
#trophozoite
##gametocyte
###male/female
#gametocyte
#macrogametocyte
**琵琶湖南岸の水田と湖へ注ぐ小川でハマダラカが繁殖
*最後の患者は1961年沖縄
===China is certified as malaria-free by WHO in 2021===
*[https://www.who.int/news/item/30-06-2021-from-30-million-cases-to-zero-china-is-certified-malaria-free-by-who From 30 million cases to zero: China is certified malaria-free by WHO]
==Vector==
**effective only in blood stage
**needs 4 weeks continuation after leaving endemic area
==Malaria immunology==
===Reasons why immunity against ''Plasmodium'' needs repetitive infections===
*Genetic heterogeneity of ''Plasmodium''
*Modulation of host immune responses by ''Plasmodium''
===Candidate antigens for malaria vaccine===
*Radiation-attenuated sporozoite (RAS)
*Genetically-attenuated sporozoite (GAS)
**Sap 1: early arresting
**Fabb/f: late arresting
*Circumsporozoite protein (CSP)
[https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/ja/typhi-m/iasr-reference/2566-related-articles/related-articles-508/11207-508r08.html IASR 2022年6月]
===Proteins on RBC knobs===
*Surface proteins on trophozoite-infected RBC
**PfEMP-1
***binds adhesion molecules on brain endotherial cells = sequestration
****ICAM-1, VCAM-1, CD36
***only in ring form in blood
**RIFINs
**STAVOR
==Vaccine==
