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*===Human blood stage===
*===Mosquito stage===
→Vaccine
===Malaria in Yaeyama, Okinawa, Japan===
*[https://storymaps.arcgis.com/collections/b8f0dcc7c52746e8837e9aecb1833db0 Malaria History in Yaeyama War Malaria & Malaria Elimination (in 4 languages)]
*[https://www.amazon.co.jp/gp/product/4901427261/ マラリア撲滅への挑戦者たち (やいま文庫13) 南風原 英育]
==Pathogenand life cycle==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1v55yg0RfoY YouTube: Malaria Lifecycle Part 1]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MxiWp8vkRFI YouTube: Malaria Lifecycle Part 2]
===etymology===
*''sporo-''
**
*''mero-''
**[Gr] part
*''tropho-''
**
*''hypno-''
**
*''-zoite'', ''-zont''
**
*''gameto-''
**
*''oo-''
**
*''-kinate''
**
*''-cyst''
**
*sporozoite*merozoite*trophozoite*schizont*hypnozoite*gametocyte*ookinate*oocyst ===Human liver stage===#schizontsprozoite→schizont
##hypnozoite only by ''P. vivax'' and ''P. ovale''
#merozoite
#trophozoite
##gametocyte
###male/female
#gametocyte
#macrogametocyte
**effective only in blood stage
**needs 4 weeks continuation after leaving endemic area
==Malaria immunology==
===Reasons why immunity against ''Plasmodium'' needs repetitive infections===
*Genetic heterogeneity of ''Plasmodium''
*Modulation of host immune responses by ''Plasmodium''
===Candidate antigens for malaria vaccine===
*Radiation-attenuated sporozoite (RAS)
*Genetically-attenuated sporozoite (GAS)
**Sap 1: early arresting
**Fabb/f: late arresting
*Circumsporozoite protein (CSP)
[https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/ja/typhi-m/iasr-reference/2566-related-articles/related-articles-508/11207-508r08.html IASR 2022年6月]
===Proteins on RBC knobs===
*Surface proteins on trophozoite-infected RBC
**PfEMP-1
***binds adhesion molecules on brain endotherial cells = sequestration
****ICAM-1, VCAM-1, CD36
***only in ring form in blood
**RIFINs
**STAVOR
==Vaccine==
