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==Correlates of Protection==
{|class="wikitable
===Be careful===
*'''"Immune reseponses"''' contain various kinds of immunological functions, thus a single immune biomarker cannot necessarily be CoP
**Serum antibodies with multiple isotypes and multiple functions
**Mucosal antibodies with multiple isotypes and multiple functions
**Killer T cells
**Regulatory T cells
**Natural killer cells
**Phagocytes and antigen-presenting cells
**etc.
*'''Protection against infection''' is generally different from '''protection against disease'''
|}
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style==="margin-left:40px; max-width:650px; overflow:auto;">'''An example of measles===='''<div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-left:40px">
{{Quote|content=
<div class="csl-entry">Chen, R. T., Markowitz, L. E., Albrecht, P., Stewart, J. A., Mofenson, L. M., Preblud, S. R., & Orenstein, W. A. (1990). Measles Antibody: Reevaluation of Protective Titers. In <i>The Journal of Infectious Diseases</i> (Vol. 162). https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/162.5.1036</div>}}
{|class="wikitable" style="margin-left:40px; text-align:center"
|+Comparison between Cases and Non-cases; serologically confirmed
|-
!style="width:150px"|!style="width:200px"|Pre-exposure PRN ≤120<br>(GMT)!Poststyle="width:200px"|Pre-exposure PRN >120<br>(GMT)
|-
!Cases
|-
!Non-cases
|1 non-case<br>(56)
|71 non-cases<br>(1157)
|}
::<nowiki>*</nowiki>PRN = Plaque Reduction Neutralization::''t'' test ''p''<0.001 {|class="wikitable" style="margin-left:40px; text-align:center"|+Comparison among serologically discarded Non-cases|-!style="width:150px"|!style="width:200px"|Pre-exposure PRN<br>216-874!style="width:200px"|Pre-exposure PRN<br>≥1052|-!Post-exposure PRN<br>boosted†|7 non-cases|0 non-case|-!Post-exposure PRN<br>unchanged|4 non-cases|7 non-cases|}::†suggestive of subclinical infection::Fisher's exact test ''p''<0.001 {|class="wikitable" style="margin-left:40px; text-align:center"|+Comparison among serologically discarded Non-cases|-!style="width:150px"|!style="width:200px"|Pre-exposure PRN<br><1052!style="width:200px"|Pre-exposure PRN<br>≥1052|-!Non-cases with<br>≥1 symptom‡|26 non-cases|11 non-cases|-!Non-cases with<br>no symptom|11 non-cases|24 non-cases|}::‡suggestive of subclinical infection::χ<sup>2</sup> test ''p''<0.002 {|class="wikitable" style="margin-left:40px; text-align:center"|+Comparison between Cases and Non-cases; serologically confirmed|-!style="width:150px"|!style="width:133px"|Pre-exposure PRN<br>≤120!style="width:133px"|Pre-exposure PRN<br>121-1051!style="width:133px"|Pre-exposure PRN<br>≥1052|-!Cases with<br>no vaccine|1 unvaccinated case|||-!Cases with<br>1 vaccine|7 unvaccinated case|||-!Non-cases with<br>no vaccine||0 unvaccinated non-case|0 unvaccinated non-case|-!Non-cases with<br>1 vaccine||36 vaccinated non-cases|35 vaccinated non-cases|}</div></div> *'''Single definitive cut-off of CoP is not commonly available''' and '''CoP is generally relative'''**Generally speaking, the higher a CoP biomarker is, the more highly the subject is protected from infection or disease**In other words, a certain proportion of subjects with a certain level of CoP biomarker can be protected from infection/disease***The proportion of protected subjects increases as the level of CoP biomarker rises
