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==Reproduction of protozoa==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
|-
!asexual
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*[[Amoebiasis|Intestinal amoeba]]
*[[Giardiasis|Giardia]]
*[[Trypanosomiasis|Trypanosoma]]
*[[Leishmaniasis|Leishmania]]
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|-
!sexual
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*[[Malaria|Plasmodium]]
*[[Trypanosomiasis|Trypanosoma also has sexual stage]]
*[[Leishmaniasis|Leishmania also has sexual stage]]
*[[Cryptosporidiasis|Cryptosporidium]]
*[[Cyclosporiasis|Cyclospora]]
*[[Isosporiasis|Isospora]]
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|}
*[[Leptospirosis]]
*[[Amoebiasis|''Acanthamoeba'' spp.]] (cornea)
*[[Melioidosis]]
*[[Amoebiasis|''Naegleria fowleri'']]
*[[Melioidosis]]
*[[Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm)]]
|}
===Soil===
{|class="wikitable"
*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]] (by larvae)
*[[Strongyloidiasis]] (by larvae)
*[[Ascariasis]] (by eggs)
*[[Toxocariasis]] (by eggs)
*[[Enterobiasis (pinworm)]] (by eggs)|*[[Trichuriasis Dracunculiasis (whipwormGuinea worm)]] (by eggs)
*[[Gnathostomiasis]] (by larvae)
*[[Metagonimiasis]] (by metacercariae)<br>(sweetfish 鮎)
*[[Anisakiasis]] (by larvae)
*[[Diphyllobothriasis]]
|}
===Animals===
{|class="wikitable"
*Hantavirus
*[[Viral Hemorrhagic Fever|Lassa]]
*[[Monkeypox]]
*[[Leptospirosis]]
*[[Plague]]
*[[Bartonellosis]]
*[[Brucellosis]]
*[[Bartonellosis]]<br>(Oroya fever, Carrion's disease)
*[[Onchocerciasis]]
|}
==Incubation period/Latent infection==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
*[[Melioidosis]]
*[[Leishmania]]
*[[Trypanosomiasis|''Trypanosoma cruzi'']]
*[[Leptospirosis]] as conjunctival suffusion
|}
===Skin involvement===
{|class="wikitable"
*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]]
*[[Gnathostomiasis]]
*[[Strongyloidiasis]] as larva currens
|}
===Liver and spleen involvement===
{|class="wikitable"
*[[Viral hepatitis]]
*[[Yellow fever]]
*[[Leptospirosis]]
*[[Malaria]]
*[[Melioidosis]]
*[[Brucellosis]]
*[[Bartonellosis|Oroya fever]]
*[[Malaria]]
*[[Leishmaniasis|Visceral leishmaniasis]]
*[[Schistosomiasis]]
*[[Leptospirosis]]
*[[Leishmaniasis|Visceral leishmaniasis]]
|}
==Infected cells==
{|class="wikitable"
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Brucellosis]]
*[[Melioidosis]]
*[[Trypanosomiasis]]
*[[Leishmaniasis]]
|}
==Syndromes==
{|class="wikitable"
*[[Schistosomiasis]]
*[[Ascariasis]]
*[[Strongyloidiasis]]
*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]]
*[[Onchocerciasis|DEC for onchocerciasis highly possible]]
*[[Onchocerciasis|Ivermectin for onchocerciasis sometimes possible]]
*[[Loiasis|Ivermectin for loasis with onchocerca sometimes possible]]
*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]]
*[[Lymphatic filariasis]]
*[[Loiasis|Loiasis when <8,000MF/mL]]
*'''NEVER for [[Onchocerciasis]]''' and beware of co-infection
*[[Onchocerciasis]]
**but Mazzotti 10% and encephalopathy
*'''NEVER for [[Loiasis]]''' and beware of co-infection
*[[Strongyloidiasis]]
*[[Loiasis|Loiasis when >8,000MF/mL]]*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]]*[[Trichuriasis (whipworm)]]*[[Trichinellosis]]*[[Toxocariasis]]*[[Enterobiasis (pinworm)]]*[[GnathostomiasisStrongyloidiasis]]
*[[Echinococcosis]]|} ===Liver and spleen involvement==={|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
*[[Ascariasis]]
*[[Schistosomiasis|Adult of schistosoma]]
*[[Clonorchiasis]]
*[[Paragonimiasis]]
*[[Diphyllobothriasis]]
*[[Taeniasis]]
*[[Echinococcosis]]
*[[Lymphatic filariasis|Adult of lymphatic filariae for ''Wolbachia'']]
*[[Onchocerciasis|Adult of onchocerca for ''Wolbachia'']]
*[[Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm)]]
*[[Anisakiasis]]
*[[Angiostrongyliasis (rat lungworm)]]
*[[Echinococcosis|PAIR for ''Echinococcus granulosus'']]
*[[Echinococcosis|Surgery for ''Echinococcus multilocularis'']]
|style="background:aquamarine;"|1st line<br>but Mazzotti 10%
|style="background:pink; text-align:center;"|'''NEVER'''<br>possibly encephalopathy
|-
!Albendazole
|style="background:aquamarine;"|>8,000MF/mL
|rowspan="2" style="background:aquamarine;"|[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC293471/ Ivermectin + Albendazole<br>may be safe]
|style="background:aquamarine;"|1st line<br>but Mazzotti 10%
|style="background:pink; text-align:center;"|'''NEVER'''
|style="background:pink; text-align:center;"|'''NEVER'''
|may be an option
|style="background:aquamarine;"|>8,000MF/mL
→Treatment options of Lymphatic filariasis, Onchocerciasis and Loiasis
{{TM menu}}
==Routes of transmission==
===Vertical transmission that matters==={|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
|-
! style="width:12.5%| !!style="width:12.5%|Virus!!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria and /<br>Rickettsia!!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa!style="width:12.5%|Fungi!style="width:12.5%|Nematode!!style="width:12.5%|Trematode!!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
|-
!placental
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*[[Trypanosomiasis|Chagas]]
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*[[Gonorrhea|Neonatal gonococcal conjunctivitis]]
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*[[HTLV-1]]
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|}
===Soil and Water==={|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
|-
! style="width:12.5%| !!style="width:12.5%|Virus!!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria and /<br>Rickettsia!!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa!style="width:12.5%|Fungi!style="width:12.5%|Nematode!!style="width:12.5%|Trematode!!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
|-
!Direct contact Soil to freshwaterskin|nil
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*[[Melioidosis]]
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*[[SchistosomiasisSporotrichosis]]<br>esp. florists and gardeners|*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]] (by larvae)*[[Strongyloidiasis]] (by larvae)
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!Aspiration of freshwaterSoil to mouth|
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*[[Ascariasis]] (by eggs)
*[[Toxocariasis]] (by eggs)
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!Ingestion of freshwaterSoil to airway|
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*[[Amoebiasis|''Naegleria fowleri''Coccidioidomycosis]]
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! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!CestodeAnus to mouth※|||||*[[Enterobiasis (pinworm)]] (by eggs)*[[Trichuriasis (whipworm)]] (by eggs)||
|-
!soil Direct contact to skinfreshwater
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*[[Leptospirosis]]
*[[Melioidosis]]
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*[[Amoebiasis|''Acanthamoeba'' spp.]] (cornea)
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*[[Schistosomiasis]] (by cercariae)
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!soil to mouthAspiration of freshwater|
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*[[Melioidosis]]
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*[[Amoebiasis|''Naegleria fowleri'']]
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!direct anus to mouth<br>though called as<br>soil-transmitted helminthsIngestion of freshwater
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*[[Melioidosis]]
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*[[Amoebiasis|''Naegleria fowleri'']]
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|}
※Direct transmission from anus to mouth, though classified as Soil-Transmitted Helminths
===Animals and Aquatic organism==={|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
|-
! style="width:12.5%| !!style="width:12.5%|Virus!!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria and /<br>Rickettsia!!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa!style="width:12.5%|Fungi!style="width:12.5%|Nematode!!style="width:12.5%|Trematode!!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
|-
!freshwater fishRodents
|
*Hantavirus
*[[Viral Hemorrhagic Fever|Lassa]]
*[[Smallpox and Monkeypox|Monkeypox]]
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*[[Leptospirosis]]
*[[Plague]]
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!freshwater crabDomestic animals|
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*[[Bartonellosis]]
*[[Brucellosis]]
*[[Anthrax]]
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*[[Trichinellosis]]
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*[[ParagonimiasisTaeniasis]] (by metacercariae)
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!sea Freshwater fish
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*[[Gnathostomiasis]] (by larvae)
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*[[Metagonimiasis]] (by metacercariae)<br>(sweetfish 鮎)
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|-
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!CestodeFreshwater crab|-!Rodent|
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*[[Paragonimiasis]] (by metacercariae)
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!Domestic animalsSea fish|
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*[[TrichinellosisAnisakiasis]](by larvae)
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*[[Diphyllobothriasis]]
|}
===Flies===
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
|-
! style="width:12.5%| !!style="width:12.5%|Virus!!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria and /<br>Rickettsia!!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa!style="width:12.5%|Fungi!Nematodes!!Trematodesstyle="width:12.5%|Nematode!style="width:12.5%|Trematode!Cestodesstyle="width:12.5%|Cestode
|-
!Sandfly''Phlebotomus''<br>- old world (Africa)
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*[[Leishmaniasis]]
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!BlackflySandfly ''Lutzomyia''<br>- new world (Americas)
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*[[Bartonellosis]]<br>(Oroya fever, Carrion's disease)
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*[[Leishmaniasis]]
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*[[Trypanosomiasis|African trypanosomiasis]]
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|-
![https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/Creatures/livestock/deer_fly.htm Deer fly<br>''Chrysops'']Blackfly|
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*[[LoiasisOnchocerciasis]]
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![https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/Creatures/livestock/deer_fly.htm Horse Deer fly<br>''TabanusChrysops'']|
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!Incubation[https:/latency possibly > 1 year/entnemdept.ufl.edu/Creatures/livestock/deer_fly.htm Horse fly ''Tabanus'']
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*[[Loiasis]]
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|}
==Target organs=====Eye involvementAcari, Fleas, Lice==={|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
|-
! style="width:12.5%" colspan="2"| !!style="width:12.5%|Virus!!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria and /<br>Rickettsia!!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa!style="width:12.5%|Fungi!style="width:12.5%|Nematode!!style="width:12.5%|Trematode!!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
|-
!Conjunctivitisrowspan="6"|hard<br>ticks!!''Ixodes''|*[[Tick-borne encephalitis]]
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*[[ZikaLyme disease and Relapsing fever|Lyme disease]]*[[Tularaemia]]
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! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode''Dermacentor''|-!larvae migrans*[[Viral Hemorrhagic Fever|Omsk hemorrhagic fever]]
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*[[Spotted fevers|Rocky Mountain spotted fever]]
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! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode''Haemaphysalis''|-!Jaundice*[[Viral Hemorrhagic Fever|Kyasanur Forest disease]]
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!Hepatosplenomegaly''Hyalomma''|*[[Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever]]
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!Hepatomegaly predominant''Rhipicephalus''|
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*[[Viral hepatitisSpotted fevers|Mediterranean spotted fever]]
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!Splenomegaly predominant''Amblyomma''|
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*[[Spotted fevers|African spotted fever<br>(African tick bite fever)]]
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! soft<br>ticks!!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode''Ornithodoros''|-!Macrophage
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*[[Lyme disease and Relapsing fever|Relapsing fever]]
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! chigger<br>mite!!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode''Leptotrombidium''|-!Katayama syndrome
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*[[Scrub typhus]]
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!Löeffler syndromecolspan="2"|flea|
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*[[Plague]]
*[[Murine typhus]]
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!Mazzotti reactioncolspan="2"|lice|
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*[[Epidemic typhus]]
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|}
==Incubation period/Latent infection==
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
|-
!style="width:12.5%|
!style="width:12.5%|Virus
!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia
!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa
!style="width:12.5%|Fungi
!style="width:12.5%|Nematode
!style="width:12.5%|Trematode
!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
|-
!Wakana syndromepossibly > 1 year
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*[[Melioidosis]]
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*[[Leishmania]]
*[[Trypanosomiasis|''Trypanosoma cruzi'']]
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|}
==TreatmentTarget organs=====Treatment for helminthsEye involvement==={|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
|-
! style="width:12.5%| !!style="width:12.5%|Virus!!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria and /<br>Rickettsia!!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa!style="width:12.5%|Fungi!style="width:12.5%|Nematode!!style="width:12.5%|Trematode!!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
|-
!Diethylcarbamazine<br>(DEC)Conjunctivitis
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*[[Zika]]
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*[[Leptospirosis]] as conjunctival suffusion
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|}
===Skin involvement===
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
|-
!Ivermectinstyle="width:12.5%| !style="width:12.5%|Virus!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa!style="width:12.5%|Fungi!style="width:12.5%|Nematode!style="width:12.5%|Trematode!style="width:12.5%|Cestode|-!larvae migrans|
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*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]]
*[[Gnathostomiasis]]
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|-
!Albendazolelarvae currens
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|-
!Praziquantelstyle="width:12.5%| !style="width:12.5%|Virus!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa!style="width:12.5%|Fungi!style="width:12.5%|Nematode!style="width:12.5%|Trematode!style="width:12.5%|Cestode|-!Jaundice
|
*[[Viral hepatitis]]
*[[Yellow fever]]
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*[[Leptospirosis]]
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*[[Malaria]]
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|-
!TriclabendazoleHepato-<br>splenomegaly
|
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*[[Melioidosis]]
*[[Brucellosis]]
*[[Bartonellosis|Oroya fever]]
|
*[[Malaria]]
*[[Leishmaniasis|Visceral leishmaniasis]]
|
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|*[[FasciolasisSchistosomiasis]]
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|-
!DoxycyclineHepatomegaly predominant
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*[[Viral hepatitis]]
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*[[Leptospirosis]]
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!Mechanical removal<br>Spontaneous resolution<br>No effective treatmentSplenomegaly predominant|
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*[[Leishmaniasis|Visceral leishmaniasis]]
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|}
===Options for LF, Oncho and Loiasis=Infected cells=={|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
|-
! style="width:12.5%| !style="width:12.5%|Virus![[Lymphatic filariasis]]style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa![[Onchocerciasis]]style="width:12.5%|Fungi!style="width:12.5%|Nematode![[Loiasis]] style="width:12.5%|Trematode!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
|-
!Diethylcarbamazine<br>(DEC)Red blood cell|style="background:aquamarine;"|1st line|style="background:pink; text-align:center;"*[[Malaria]]*[[Babesiosis]]|'''NEVER'''<br>possibly Mazzotti|style="background:aquamarine;"||<8,000MF/mL
|-
!IvermectinMacrophage||*[[Tuberculosis]]*[[Brucellosis]]*[[Melioidosis]]|*[[Trypanosomiasis]]*[[Leishmaniasis]]|
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|}
==Syndromes with special names=={|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
|-
! style="width:12.5%| !style="width:12.5%|Virus![[Lymphatic filariasis]]style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa!→LF & Oncho←style="width:12.5%|Fungi!style="width:12.5%|Nematode![[Onchocerciasis]]style="width:12.5%|Trematode!!→Oncho & Loiasis←!![[Loiasis]] style="width:12.5%|Cestode
|-
!Diethylcarbamazine<br>(DEC)Katayama syndrome|style="background:aquamarine;"|1st line|style="background:pink; text-align:center;"|'''NEVER'''|style="background:pink; text-align:center;"|'''NEVER'''|style="background:pink; text-align:center;"|'''NEVER'''|style="background:aquamarine;"|<8,000MF/mL*[[Schistosomiasis]]
|-
!IvermectinLöeffler syndrome|||||*[[Ascariasis]]*[[Strongyloidiasis]]*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]]|
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|-
!AlbendazoleMazzotti reaction|||||*[[Onchocerciasis|DEC for onchocerciasis highly possible]]*[[Onchocerciasis|Ivermectin for onchocerciasis sometimes possible]]*[[Loiasis|Ivermectin for loasis with onchocerca sometimes possible]]
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!Other optionWakana syndrome
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|Cytapheresis of oncho MF before DEC|*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]]
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|}
==Treatment==
