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###Refer to [https://www.trichinella.org/the-nurse-cell Nurse cell formation in THE TRICHINELLA PAGE]
→Life cycle and Transmission
*Transmission to human occurs by ingestion of raw or undercooked meat including '''pigs''', '''wild bores''', '''horse''', '''dog''', '''bear''', '''polar bear''', '''badger''' and '''soft-shelled turtle (スッポン)'''.
*Transmission to horse (obligate grazer) is speculated that pasture or hay may be accidentally contaminated by infected carcass (rodents etc.).
{{quote|content=
*'''The world-first report''' of trichinellosis originated from '''soft-shelled turtle''' was published in Japan in 2009 (but only in Japanese and neglected from English literature).
*The transmission route is speculated that soft-shelled turtles were fed by carrions of pigs dead by diseases and contaminated through the carrions.
{{quote|content=
前田卓哉, 藤井毅, 岩本愛吉, 長野功, 呉志良, & 高橋優三. (2009). スッポンを感染源とする旋毛虫症例. 病原微生物検出情報, 30(10), 272–273. https://idsc.niid.go.jp/iasr/30/356/kj3563.html
}}
*Report of trichinellosis outbreak through game bear meat in Japan.
{{quote|content=
海野友梨, 中本有美, & 深谷節子. (2017). 茨城県内で発生した旋毛虫による食中毒事例について. 茨城衛生研究所年報, 55, 37–41. https://www.pref.ibaraki.jp/hokenfukushi/eiken/kikaku/annualreport/documents/32_senmoutyu.pdf
}}
##In 6 months calcification of cysts takes place
##Inside calcified cysts, '''<nowiki>'</nowiki>nurse cells<nowiki>'</nowiki>''' which is transformed from normal striated muscle cells by larvae secretion encapsulate and nourish larvae
##'''Encapsulated larvae can survive months to decades in human striated muscles'''
*The larger number of larvae infect, the more severe symptoms are
**50-500 larvae: moderate
**<1000 larvae: severe to fatal
===Nurse cell===
*Refer to [https://www.trichinella.org/the-nurse-cell Nurse cell formation in THE TRICHINELLA PAGE] or the following article
{{quote|content=
Wu, Z., Sofronic-Milosavljevic, L., Nagano, I., & Takahashi, Y. (2008). Trichinella spiralis: nurse cell formation with emphasis on analogy to muscle cell repair. Parasites & Vectors, 1(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-1-27
}}
==Diagnosis==
==Treatment==
*Albendazole and mebendazole
==Prevention and Control==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:50%"|Heat
!style="width:50%"|Freezing
|-
|rowspan="2"|
*Meat core temperature '''≥71°C '''for''' ≥1 min'''
**Color to gray, muscle fibers separated
|
Up to '''15cm thickness''' meat block
*'''≤-15°C '''for''' ≥3 weeks'''
|-
|
Up to '''50cm thickness''' meat block
*'''≤-15°C '''for''' ≥4 weeks'''
|-
|
|※'''Applicable only to ''T. spiralis'' in pork'''
|}
※Other species are more resistant to cold temperature
*''T. britovi'' in pork survived for 3 weeks at -20°C
*''T. spiralis'' in horse survived for 4 weeks at -18°C
*Game meat like bear harbors freeze-resistant ''Trichinella''
**5 years in bear meat
