提供: Vaccipedia | Resources for Vaccines, Tropical medicine and Travel medicine
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| − | Definition of the tropics | + | '''Definition of the tropics''' |
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| | *Between the Tropic of Cancer (north latitude 23°26′) and the Tropic of Capricorn (south latitude 23°26′) | | *Between the Tropic of Cancer (north latitude 23°26′) and the Tropic of Capricorn (south latitude 23°26′) |
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| − | Top 3 causes of death in LMICs, HICs and worldwide in 2016 | + | '''Top 3 causes of death in LMICs, HICs and worldwide in 2016''' |
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| | <nowiki>*</nowiki>'''Bold names''' are communicable diseases | | <nowiki>*</nowiki>'''Bold names''' are communicable diseases |
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| − | List Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) and what are not listed as NTDs | + | '''List Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) and what are not listed as NTDs''' |
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| | *[https://www.who.int/health-topics/neglected-tropical-diseases#tab=tab_1 List of NTDs by WHO] | | *[https://www.who.int/health-topics/neglected-tropical-diseases#tab=tab_1 List of NTDs by WHO] |
2022年12月5日 (月) 17:12時点における版
Overview of Tropical Medicine
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Definition of the tropics
- Between the Tropic of Cancer (north latitude 23°26′) and the Tropic of Capricorn (south latitude 23°26′)
- Covers 40% of land surfaces and 40% of population
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Top 3 causes of death in LMICs, HICs and worldwide in 2016
*Bold names are communicable diseases
| Worldwide |
LMICs |
HICs |
- Ischemic heart disease
- Stroke
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
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- Lower respiratory infections
- Diarrhea
- Ischemic heart disease
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- Ischemic heart disease
- Stroke
- Alzheimer and other dementias
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Changes of top 10 causes of death worldwide from 2010 to 2016
- Tuberculosis ranked down to the 10th in 2016 from the 6th in 2010
- HIV/AIDS ranked down out of 10 in 2016 from the 7th in 2010
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List Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) and what are not listed as NTDs
| Virus |
- Dengue & Chikungunya (dengue virus, chikungunya virus)
- Rabies (rabies virus)
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| Bacteria |
- Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans)
- Leprosy (Mycobacterium leprosy)
- Trachoma (Chlamydia trachomatis)
- Yaws (Treponema pallidum pertenue)
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| Protozoa |
- Chagas disease, American trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma cruzi)
- Human African trypanosomyasis, Sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma brucei spp.)
- Leishmaniasis (cutaneous and visceral) (Leishmania spp.)
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| Parasites - Nematodes |
- Dracunculiasis, Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis)
- Lymphatic filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi)
- Onchocerciasis (Onchocerca volvulus)
- Soil-transmitted helminth infections
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| Parasites - Trematodes |
- Foodborne trematode infections
- Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma spp.)
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Parasites -
Cestodes |
- Echinococcosis (Echinococcus granulosus, E. multilocularis)
- Taeniasis/Cysticercosis (Taenia spp.)
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| Ectoarasites |
- Scabies, Tungiasis & other ectoparasites (mite, sandflea, etc.)
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| Fungi |
- Mycetoma, Chromoblastomycosis (chromomycosis) & other deep mycoses (various spp.)
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| Non-communicable |
- Snakebites
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- These are NOT listed as NTDs
- HIV/AIDS
- Tuberculosis
- Malaria
- Lower respiratory infections
- Diarrhea
Bacteria
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Biological basis of Gram staining
- Bacteria have both of cell wall and cell membrane
- Human and other animal cells have no cell wall
- Plant cells have cell wall
- Some bacteria have thick cell wall without outer membrane
- Other bacteria have thin cell wall with outer membrane
- Cell wall contains a layer of Peptidoglycan
- Thick peptidoglycan layer catches and keep crystal violet with iodine
- Outer membrane catches crystal violet with iodine but easily lose them by ethanol rinsing
