Trichinellosis (Trichinosis)

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• 旋毛虫 in Japanese

Pathogen and Taxonomy

• The genus Trichinella has genetically distinguished but taxonomically still undetermined genotypes other than usual species
• The biggest morphological classification is based on the presence/absence of collagen capsule surrounding the pathogen in cysts in infected muscles

※Manson's Tropical Infectious Diseases 24th ed. (published in 2023) describes that T. spiralis has several subspecies but according to NCBI Taxonomy Browser and the following articles subspecies written in Manson's are classified as species.

Pozio, E., Rosa, G. la, Murrell, K. D., & Lichtenfels, J. R. (1992). Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Trichinella. The Journal of Parasitology, 78(4), 654. https://doi.org/10.2307/3283540

Zarlenga, D., Thompson, P., & Pozio, E. (2020). Trichinella species and genotypes. Research in Veterinary Science, 133, 289–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.08.012

Encapsulated	Non-encapsulated
Infect only mammals	Infect birds and mammals, occasionally humans
Trichinella spiralis Trichinella nativa Trichinella nelsoni Trichinella britovi Trichinella murrelli Trichinella patagoniensis Trichinella genotype T6 Trichinella genotype T8 Trichinella genotype T9	Trichinella pseudospiralis Trichinella papuae Trichinella zimbabwensis

Epidemiology

• Since Trichinella infections often cause asymptomatic or mild disease and no serological tests with high performance is available, true epidemiology of human trichinellosis is thought still underestimated.
• Trichinellosis distributes worldwide from arctic region through the tropics.
• Human trichinellosis in developed countries has been dramatically decreased due to improvement of farming and slaughtering of domestic pigs and shrinkage of backyard pig farming in private facilities.

Yayeh, M., Yadesa, G., Erara, M., Fantahun, S., Gebru, A., & Birhan, M. (2020). Epidemiology, diagnosis and public health importance of Trichinellosis. Journal of World’s Poultry Research, 10(3), 131–139. https://doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.ojafr18