Keys for Tropical Medicine 1

Overview of Tropical Medicine

Definition of the tropics

• Between the Tropic of Cancer (north latitude 23°26′) and the Tropic of Capricorn (south latitude 23°26′)
• Covers 40% of land surfaces and 40% of population

Top 3 causes of death in LMICs, HICs and worldwide in 2016

*Bold names are communicable diseases

Worldwide	LMICs	HICs
Ischemic heart disease Stroke Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)	Lower respiratory infections Diarrhea Ischemic heart disease	Ischemic heart disease Stroke Alzheimer and other dementias

Changes of top 10 causes of death worldwide from 2010 to 2016

• Tuberculosis ranked down to the 10th in 2016 from the 6th in 2010
• HIV/AIDS ranked down out of 10 in 2016 from the 7th in 2010

List Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) and what are not listed in NTDs

List of NTDs by WHO

Virus	Chikungunya (chikungunya virus) Dengue (dengue virus) Rabies (rabies virus)
Bacteria	Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans) Leprosy (Mycobacterium leprosy) Trachoma (Chlamydia trachomatis) Yaws (Treponema pallidum pertenue)
Protozoa	Chagas disease, American trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma cruzi) Human African trypanosomyasis, Sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma brucei spp.) Leishmaniasis (cutaneous and visceral) (Leishmania spp.)
Parasites	Dracunculiasis, Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis) Echinococcosis (Echinococcus granulosus, E. multilocularis) Foodborne trematode infections Lymphatic filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi Onchocerciasis (Onchocerca volvulus) Scabies (mite Sarcoptes scabiei) Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma spp.) Soil-transmitted helminth infections Taeniasis/Cysticercosis (Taenia spp.) Tungiasis (sandfleas)
Fungi	Chromoblastomycosis (chromomycosis) & other deep mycoses (various spp.) Mycetoma (mixture of various fungi and bacteria)
Non-communicable	Snakebites