Zoonosis
2021年5月30日 (日) 16:34時点におけるVaccipedia.admin (トーク | 投稿記録)による版
- zoon = animal (Gr.)
- noson = disease (Gr.)
目次
definition
- disease of vertebral animals that can be transmitted to human, either directly or indirectly through an insect vector
- dengue is not zoonosis
- 73% of human-affecting 1,415 pathogens are zoonotic
- exclusions
- fish and reptile toxins
- allergies to vertebrates
- animal-derived food-borne
- eg. hep A
- zooanthroponosis = non-human to human
- anthropozoonosis = human to non-human
- amphixenosis = both direction between human and non-human
- orthozoonosis = perpetuated in nature by a single vertebrate species
- rabies (skunk in natural host), brucellosis, anthrax
- cyclozoonosis = requires more than one vertebrate species
- cestoda (tapeworm)
- metazoonosis = requires both of vertebrates and invertebrates
- all arboviral pathogens, some bateria (plague, rickettsia), some parasite (leischmania)
- vector (biological vector)
- carrier of pathogens in which pathogens reproduce
- mechanical transmitter (mechanical vector)
- carrier of pathogens in which pathogens do NOT reproduce
virus
Ebola and Marburg virus
- Filoviridae
- natural host of Marburg virus is almost defined as fruit bat
- Marburg virus has been isolated from fruit bat
- natural host of Ebola virus is still not defined as fruit bat
- viral isolation from fruit bat is required to define
- indirect evidences have been identified
- fragments of genome of Ebola virus have been detected from fruit bat by PCR
- antibody against Ebola virus has been detected from fruit bat sera
- experimental infection of Ebola virus to fruit bat was successful and bat didn't show any symptoms
Lassa virus
- endemic in western Africa
- mortality 1-2%
- 100,000-300,000 cases/year
- 5,000 deaths/year
Zika virus
- Flaviviridae
- incubation 2-12 days
- Aedes
- natural host unknown
- rodents? non-human primates?
- first identification was from rhesus macaque
MERS-CoV
SFTS virus
- Bunyaviridae
- first identified in China in 2011
- natural host unknown
- tick-borne
Variola virus
- first pathogen to which concept of ring vaccination was established
bacteria
Bacillus anthrasis
- anthrax
- G(-) rod, aerobic
- spore-forming, capsule-forming
- primarily infects herbivore (cattle, sheep, goat)
- no direct human to human transmission
- there is vaccine for animal
- endemic in many countries
- gastrointestinal anthrax
- ingestion of contaminated meat
- incubation hours to 7 days
- fever, hematemesis, bloody diarrhea
- mortality when untreated 25-60%
- penicillins
- cutaneous anthrax
- common in human; 95% of human anthrax
- inoculation of spores under skin
- incubation hours to 7 days
- small itchy raised blister
- produces ulcer and eschar
- mortality when untreated 20%
- inhalational anthrax
- inhalation of spores
- most likely due to bioterror
- incubation 1-6 days up to 43 days
- mortality 100% despite immediate Tx
ectoparasite
- tungiasis
- lice
- (scabies)
endoparasite
- myiasis