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epidemiology
- all continents have venomous snakes
- America 4,000 deaths
- Africa >>20,000 (too under-reported)
- Asia >75,000
- India 58,000
- Japan ≈10 deaths amongst 2-3,000 bites
- Europa <50
- Papua New Guinea >300
- many survivors suffered from serious disability > 60,000 DALYs
species
- Viperidae
- Elapidae
- Lamprophiidae
- "Colubridae"
venom
- enzymes, proteins, polypeptides
- 90% dry weight
- >100 different agents in each venom
- ≈50% of all snake bites by venomous snakes inject no venom - "dry bites"
- traditional but dangerous and not effective therapies mimic effective
- neurotoxic
- coagulation abnormality
snake bites in Japan
