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ページの作成:「==morphology== {|class="wikitable" ! !!''Anopheles!!''Culex''!!''Aedes'' |- !resting |rest at an angle on wall surface |colspan="2"|rest with body parallel to surface |-…」
==morphology==
{|class="wikitable"
! !!''Anopheles!!''Culex''!!''Aedes''
|-
!resting
|rest at an angle on wall surface
|colspan="2"|rest with body parallel to surface
|-
!adult color
|
|
|black and white
|-
!larvae
|no siphon
|long siphon
|short siphon
|-
!egg
|laid singly, floating
|collected in egg raft, floating
|laid singly, deposited on damp surface
|}
*''Mansonia''
*''Coquillettidia''
**larvae siphon piercing into a root of water plants to breathe
*''Haemagogous''
*''Sabethes''
**only in Central and South America
**metallically colored body
**dry tolerant eggs
==mosquito-borne disease==
===arbovirus===
*'''ar'''thropod-'''bo'''rne virus
*family ''Togaviridae'', ''Flaviviridae'', ''Bunyaviridae'', ''Reoviridae'', ''Rhabdoviridae''
===''Aedes''-borne disease===
*932 species in the world
*40 species transmit pathogens
*dengue
*yellow fever
*chikungunya
*zika
{|class="wikitable
!''Aedes aegypti''!!''Aedes albopictus''
|-
|yellow fever mosquito||asian tiger mosquito
|-
|crescend-shaped white scale lines
|straight white line
|-
|colspan="2"|prefer small water containers to breed
|-
|colspan="2"|feed blood in daytime
|-
|colspan="2"|laid eggs on damp surface<br>eggs resistant to desiccation, eggs alive 3-6 months under dry condition
|-
|only in tropics and subtropics||worldwide including temperate region
|-
|prefers urban area||prefers transitional to rural area
|-
|prefers inside house||prefers outside
|-
|originated from Africa||originated from Asia
|-
| ||produce diapause eggs
|}
*diapause eggs of ''A. albopictus''
**eggs laid during winter are resistant to dry as well as cold environment
**premature larvae developed and stop developing during winter
**female ''albopictus'' produce diapause when sunlight duration gets shorter and temperature lower
**individuals living in areas northern to tropic of Cancer produce diapause eggs
***ones living in tropics never produce diapause eggs
===bridging vector===
*vectors that transmit pathogen from infected wild animals and subsequently transmit the pathogen to humans
**not always prefer human to feed, nor live close to human
*yellow fever vectors in savannah cycle between sylvatic cycle and urban cycle are bridging vector
**spillout of pathogen from animal
===''Culex''-borne disease===
*''Culex tritaeniorhyncus''
**JEV - ''Cx. tritaeniorhyncus'' is bridging vector
*''Cx. pipiens'' complex
**4 subspecies
**West Nile virus - ''Cx. pipiens'' complex are bridging vectors
**hybridazation of ''Culex'' may have brought introduction of WNV into North America
**Lymphatic filariasis
***''Wuchereria bancrofti''
****human is only host
***''Brugia malayi''
***''Brugia timori''
***various ''Culex'' species are attributable to transmission of microfilaria
==''Anopheles''==
===Morphology===
*肢にwhite spotsが多数ある
*''Anopheles''のlarvaeは水面近くで横向きに浮く
**''Aedes''と''Culex''のlarvaeは頭が下
*ova is boat-shaped, laid and floated singly on water surface
===Blood-sucking activity===
*completely nocturnal
===Vector function===
*Only 30-40 species transmit human malaria
===anopheles in Africa===
*''An. gambiae'' complex
**8 species in all
**morphologically similar
**prevalent broadly in sub-Saharan Africa
***''An. gambiae'' sensu stricto (s.s.)
***''An. arabiensis'' (except around DRC)
**prevalent only eastern Africa
***''An. merus''
**prevalent only western Africa
***''An. melas''
*''An. funestus'' group
**9 species in all
**morphologically distinguishable
**most important
***''An. funestus'' s.s.
{|class="wikitable"
|+tendency
|-
! !!''An. arabiensis''!!''An. gambiae''!!''An. funestus''
|-
!Blood meal preference
|more of livestock
|colspan="2"|more of human
|-
!Adult resting site
|more outdoor
|colspan="2"|more indoor
|-
!Breeding site
|colspan="2"|small and open
|large and vegi
|}
{|class="wikitable"
! !!''Anopheles!!''Culex''!!''Aedes''
|-
!resting
|rest at an angle on wall surface
|colspan="2"|rest with body parallel to surface
|-
!adult color
|
|
|black and white
|-
!larvae
|no siphon
|long siphon
|short siphon
|-
!egg
|laid singly, floating
|collected in egg raft, floating
|laid singly, deposited on damp surface
|}
*''Mansonia''
*''Coquillettidia''
**larvae siphon piercing into a root of water plants to breathe
*''Haemagogous''
*''Sabethes''
**only in Central and South America
**metallically colored body
**dry tolerant eggs
==mosquito-borne disease==
===arbovirus===
*'''ar'''thropod-'''bo'''rne virus
*family ''Togaviridae'', ''Flaviviridae'', ''Bunyaviridae'', ''Reoviridae'', ''Rhabdoviridae''
===''Aedes''-borne disease===
*932 species in the world
*40 species transmit pathogens
*dengue
*yellow fever
*chikungunya
*zika
{|class="wikitable
!''Aedes aegypti''!!''Aedes albopictus''
|-
|yellow fever mosquito||asian tiger mosquito
|-
|crescend-shaped white scale lines
|straight white line
|-
|colspan="2"|prefer small water containers to breed
|-
|colspan="2"|feed blood in daytime
|-
|colspan="2"|laid eggs on damp surface<br>eggs resistant to desiccation, eggs alive 3-6 months under dry condition
|-
|only in tropics and subtropics||worldwide including temperate region
|-
|prefers urban area||prefers transitional to rural area
|-
|prefers inside house||prefers outside
|-
|originated from Africa||originated from Asia
|-
| ||produce diapause eggs
|}
*diapause eggs of ''A. albopictus''
**eggs laid during winter are resistant to dry as well as cold environment
**premature larvae developed and stop developing during winter
**female ''albopictus'' produce diapause when sunlight duration gets shorter and temperature lower
**individuals living in areas northern to tropic of Cancer produce diapause eggs
***ones living in tropics never produce diapause eggs
===bridging vector===
*vectors that transmit pathogen from infected wild animals and subsequently transmit the pathogen to humans
**not always prefer human to feed, nor live close to human
*yellow fever vectors in savannah cycle between sylvatic cycle and urban cycle are bridging vector
**spillout of pathogen from animal
===''Culex''-borne disease===
*''Culex tritaeniorhyncus''
**JEV - ''Cx. tritaeniorhyncus'' is bridging vector
*''Cx. pipiens'' complex
**4 subspecies
**West Nile virus - ''Cx. pipiens'' complex are bridging vectors
**hybridazation of ''Culex'' may have brought introduction of WNV into North America
**Lymphatic filariasis
***''Wuchereria bancrofti''
****human is only host
***''Brugia malayi''
***''Brugia timori''
***various ''Culex'' species are attributable to transmission of microfilaria
==''Anopheles''==
===Morphology===
*肢にwhite spotsが多数ある
*''Anopheles''のlarvaeは水面近くで横向きに浮く
**''Aedes''と''Culex''のlarvaeは頭が下
*ova is boat-shaped, laid and floated singly on water surface
===Blood-sucking activity===
*completely nocturnal
===Vector function===
*Only 30-40 species transmit human malaria
===anopheles in Africa===
*''An. gambiae'' complex
**8 species in all
**morphologically similar
**prevalent broadly in sub-Saharan Africa
***''An. gambiae'' sensu stricto (s.s.)
***''An. arabiensis'' (except around DRC)
**prevalent only eastern Africa
***''An. merus''
**prevalent only western Africa
***''An. melas''
*''An. funestus'' group
**9 species in all
**morphologically distinguishable
**most important
***''An. funestus'' s.s.
{|class="wikitable"
|+tendency
|-
! !!''An. arabiensis''!!''An. gambiae''!!''An. funestus''
|-
!Blood meal preference
|more of livestock
|colspan="2"|more of human
|-
!Adult resting site
|more outdoor
|colspan="2"|more indoor
|-
!Breeding site
|colspan="2"|small and open
|large and vegi
|}
