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{|class<table border="wikitable1"style="border-collapse:collapse">|-<tr bgcolor="lightgray">!<th>Worldwide</th>!2010<th>LMICs</th>!2016<th>HICs</th>|-</tr>!Worldwide<tr>|<td>
#'''Lower respiratory infections'''
|
#Ischemic heart disease
#Stroke
#Lower respiratory infections
|-</td>!LMICs|''(not mentioned in the lecture)''|<td>
|-</td>!HICs|''(not mentioned in the lecture)''|<td>
→Zoonosis
{{collapse
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'''Definition of the tropics'''
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*Between the Tropic of Cancer (north latitude 23°26′) and the Tropic of Capricorn (south latitude 23°26′)
{{collapse
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'''Top 3 causes of death in LMICs, HICs and worldwide and their changein 2016'''
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<nowiki>*</nowiki>'''Bold names''' are communicable diseases
#Ischemic heart disease
#Stroke
#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
#'''Lower respiratory infections'''
#'''Diarrhea'''
#Ischemic heart disease
#Ischemic heart disease
#Stroke
#Alzheimer and other dementias
</td></tr></table>}} {{collapse|title='''Changes of top 10 causes of death worldwide from 2010 to 2016'''|content=*Tuberculosis ranked down to the 10th in 2016 from the 6th in 2010*HIV/AIDS ranked down out of 10 in 2016 from the 7th in 2010}} {{collapse|title='''List Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) and what are not listed as NTDs'''|content=*[https://www.who.int/health-topics/neglected-tropical-diseases#tab=tab_1 List of NTDs by WHO]<table border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tr><th bgcolor="lightgray">Virus</th><td>#Dengue & Chikungunya (dengue virus, chikungunya virus)#Rabies (rabies virus)</td></tr> <tr><th bgcolor="lightgray">Bacteria</th><td><ol start="3"><li>Buruli ulcer (''Mycobacterium ulcerans'')<li>Leprosy (''Mycobacterium leprosy'')<li>Trachoma (''Chlamydia trachomatis'')<li>Yaws (''Treponema pallidum pertenue'')</ol></td></tr> <tr><th bgcolor="lightgray">Protozoa</th><td><ol start="7"><li>Chagas disease, American trypanosomiasis (''Trypanosoma cruzi'')<li>Human African trypanosomyasis, Sleeping sickness (''Trypanosoma brucei'' spp.)<li>Leishmaniasis (cutaneous and visceral) (''Leishmania'' spp.)</ol></td></tr> <tr><th bgcolor="lightgray">Parasites - Nematodes</th><td><ol start="10"><li>Dracunculiasis, Guinea worm (''Dracunculus medinensis'')<li>Lymphatic filariasis (''Wuchereria bancrofti'', ''Brugia malayi'')<li>Onchocerciasis (''Onchocerca volvulus'')<li>Soil-transmitted helminth infections</ol></td></tr> <tr><th bgcolor="lightgray">Parasites - Trematodes</th><td><ol start="14"><li>Foodborne trematode infections<li>Schistosomiasis (''Schistosoma'' spp.)</ol></td></tr> <tr><th bgcolor="lightgray">Parasites -<br> Cestodes</th><td><ol start="16"><li>Echinococcosis (''Echinococcus granulosus'', ''E. multilocularis'')<li>Taeniasis/Cysticercosis (''Taenia'' spp.)</ol></td></tr> <tr><th bgcolor="lightgray">Ectoarasites</th><td><ol start="18"><li>Scabies, Tungiasis & other ectoparasites (mite, sandflea, etc.)</ol></td></tr> <tr><th bgcolor="lightgray">Fungi</th><td><ol start="19"><li>Mycetoma, Chromoblastomycosis (chromomycosis) & other deep mycoses (various spp.)</ol></td></tr> <tr><th bgcolor="lightgray">Non-communicable</th><td><ol start="20"><li>Snakebites</ol></td></tr></table> *These are '''NOT''' listed as NTDs**HIV/AIDS**Tuberculosis**Malaria**Lower respiratory infections**Diarrhea}} ==Virus=={{collapse|title='''Two major classification manners of viruses'''|content=*RNA virus vs DNA virus*Enveloped virus vs Non-enveloped virus}} {{collapse|title='''Diagnostic methods of virus infection'''|content=*Detection of pathogen**Genome detection by PCR and other NAATs (nucleic acid amplification tests)**Antigen detection by ELISA and immunochromatography, etc.**Virus isolation using human/animal cells*Detection of antibody**IgM or IgG by ELISA and immunochromatography, etc.**Neutralizing antibody using human/animal cells}} {{collapse|title='''Definition of arboviruses'''|content=}} {{collapse|title='''Classification of major arboviruses and their major vectors'''|content=}} {{collapse|title='''Warning signs of severe dengue'''|content=}} {{collapse|title='''List of Vaccine-preventable arbovirus infections'''|content=}} {{collapse|title='''Essential knowledge of HIV'''|content=[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1N5GBSimejHLEk9We-fEC240mgjuT5-PC/view?usp=share_link Watch our Group 4 video and pick up information described in blue letters!]}} ==Bacteria=={{collapse|title='''Biological basis of Gram staining'''|content=*Bacteria have both of '''cell wall''' and '''cell membrane'''**Human and other animal cells have no cell wall**Plant cells have cell wall*Some bacteria have thick cell wall without outer membrane*Other bacteria have thin cell wall with outer membrane*Cell wall contains a layer of Peptidoglycan[[File:File_Bacterial_cell_walls.jpg|none|400px]]*Thick peptidoglycan layer catches and keep crystal violet with iodine*Outer membrane catches crystal violet with iodine but easily lose them by ethanol rinsing[[File:Gram_Stain.png|none|800px]]}} {{collapse|title='''Classification of major Gram-Positive cocci'''|content=<table border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tr bgcolor="lightgray"><th rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgray">Catalase Positive<br>in tubes</th><th colspan="3">Coagulase Positive<br>in tubes</th><th colspan="3">Coagulase Negative<br>in tubes</th></tr> <tr><td colspan="3">*''Staphylococcus aureus''</td><td colspan="3">*''Staphylococcus epidermidis''*''Staphylococcus saprophyticus''</td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgray"><th rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgray">Catalase Negative<br>in tubes</th><th colspan="2">α hemolytic<br>(partial hemolysis)<br>on media</th><th colspan="2">β hemolytic<br>(complete hemolysis)<br>on media</th><th colspan="2">γ hemolytic<br>(no hemolysis)<br>on media</th></tr></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">*''Streptococcus pneumoniae''*''Streptococcus suis''*viridans ''Streptococcus''</td><td colspan="2">*Group A (beta) streptococci (''Streptococcus pyogenes'')*Group B (beta) streptococci (''Streptococcus agalactae'')*Group C (beta) streptococci*Group G (beta) streptococci</td><td colspan="2">*''Streptococcus bovis''*''Enterococcus faecium''*''Enterococcus faecalis''</td></tr></table>}} {{collapse|title='''Classification of major Gram-Positive bacilli'''|content=<table border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tr bgcolor="lightgray"><th></th><th>Spore forming</th><th>Non-spore forming</th></tr> <tr><th bgcolor="lightgray">Aerobic</th><td>*''Bacillus anthracis''*''Bacillus cereus''</td><td>*''Corynebacterium diphtheria''</td></tr> <tr><th bgcolor="lightgray">Anaerobic</th><td>*''Clostridium tetani''*''Clostridium perfringens''</td><td>*''Listeria monocytogenes''</td></tr></table>}} {{collapse|title='''Classification of major Gram-Negative cocci'''|content=<table border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tr></tr> <tr></tr> <tr></tr> </table> }} {{collapse|title='''Classification of major Gram-Negative bacili'''|content=<table border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tr><th bgcolor="lightgray">Lactose fermenting</th><td>*''Escherichia coli''*''Klebsiella pneumoniae''</td></tr> <tr><th bgcolor="lightgray">Non-lactose fermenting</th><td>*''Shigella'' spp.*''Salmonella'' spp.*''Yersinia pestis''</td></tr> <tr><th bgcolor="lightgray">Non-fermenting</th><td>*''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''*''Burkholderia pseudomallei''</td></tr> </table>}} {{collapse|title='''Essential knowledge of Tuberculosis'''|content=*Bacterial structure different from other major bacteria**Too thick lipid-rich cell wall; acid fast*Epidemiology and disease burden*Three species causing clinical tuberculosis**''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''**''M. bovis''**''M. africanum'' (only in Africa)*Airborne transmission**No contact/fomite transmission**Contaminated milk ingestion may cause food-borne tuberculosis by ''M. bovis'' (''bovis'' means cow)*Three major Symptoms**Cough for weeks**Weight loss for weeks**Night sweats for weeks*Diagnostic methods**sputum microscopy (Ziel-Nielsen staining)**genome detection by GeneXpert (also detects resistance)**culture (6-8 weeks)**chest X-ray**urine LAM assay**Mantoux test and IGRA for latent infection*Potential of long-term (months, years to decades) infection**Human immune system cannot eliminate established infection but only contains (just to 'hide' ''Mycobacterium'')*HIV-Tb co-infection is soooooo major public health problem*Treatment**6 months (2 intensive + 4 maintenance)*Definition of drug resistance**MDR**XDR}} ==Protozoa=={{collapse|title='''How protozoa differ from bacteria'''|content=}} {{collapse|title='''Classification of major protozoa in terms of reproduction manners and infecting organs/cells'''|content=-> [[Overview_of_protozoa]]}} {{collapse|title='''Essential knowledge of malaria'''|content=*Epidemiology and disease burden of malaria worldwide**Especially of ''Plasmodium falciparum''*Essential lifecycle#Mosquito stage#Human liver stage#Human red cell stage*Only ''P. vivax'' and ''P. ovale'' have hypnotic stage in liver cause '''relapse'''**All species cause '''recrudescence''' due to inadequate/improper treatment*Fever, Anemia, Splenomegaly*Cerebral malaria almost only by ''P. falciparum'', which leads to high mortality*Diagnosis made by Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and Blood smear microscopy (Giemsa staining)**Blood smear includes thick smear (just to detect ''Plasmodium'') and thin smear (confirm species of ''Plasmodium'' and degree of parasitemia as disease severity)}} ==Parasite=={{collapse|title='''Major classification of parasites'''|content=*Helminth**Nematode (round worm)**Trematode (fluke, distoma)**Cestode (tape worm)*Ectoparasite}} ==Zoonosis=={{collapse|title='''Definition of Zoonosis'''|content=}} {{collapse|title='''List of major zoonoses and their host animals'''|content=<table border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tr bgcolor="lightgray"><th></th><th>Disease</th><th>Pathogen</th><th>Host animals</th></tr> <tr><th rowspan="4" bgcolor="lightgray">Virus</th><td>Ebola virus disease</td><td>Ebolavirus</td><td>Fruit bat</td></tr> <tr><td>Marburg disease</td><td>Marburg virus</td><td>Fruit bat</td></tr> <tr><td>Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)</td><td>MERS coronavirus</td><td>Camel <- Bat?</td></tr> <tr><td>Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS)</td><td>SFTS virus</td><td>Deer, wild bores</td></tr> <tr><th bgcolor="lightgray">Bacteria</th><td>Anthrax</th><td>''Bacillus anthracis''</td><td>Herbivore (cattle, sheep, goat)</table>
}}
