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*#Dengue & Chikungunya (dengue virus, chikungunya virus)*#Rabies (rabies virus)
*<ol start="3"><li>Buruli ulcer (''Mycobacterium ulcerans'')*<li>Leprosy (''Mycobacterium leprosy'')*<li>Trachoma (''Chlamydia trachomatis'')*<li>Yaws (''Treponema pallidum pertenue'')</ol>
*<ol start="7"><li>Chagas disease, American trypanosomiasis (''Trypanosoma cruzi'')*<li>Human African trypanosomyasis, Sleeping sickness (''Trypanosoma brucei'' spp.)*<li>Leishmaniasis (cutaneous and visceral) (''Leishmania'' spp.)</ol>
*<ol start="10"><li>Dracunculiasis, Guinea worm (''Dracunculus medinensis'')*Echinococcosis (''Echinococcus granulosus'', ''E. multilocularis'')*Foodborne trematode infections*<li>Lymphatic filariasis (''Wuchereria bancrofti'', ''Brugia malayi'')*<li>Onchocerciasis (''Onchocerca volvulus'')*Scabies <li>Soil-transmitted helminth infections</ol></td></tr> <tr><th bgcolor="lightgray">Parasites - Trematodes</th><td><ol start="14"><li>Foodborne trematode infections<li>Schistosomiasis (mite ''Sarcoptes scabieiSchistosoma''spp.)*Schistosomiasis </ol></td></tr> <tr><th bgcolor="lightgray">Parasites -<br> Cestodes</th><td><ol start="16"><li>Echinococcosis (''SchistosomaEchinococcus granulosus'', '' sppE.multilocularis'')*Soil-transmitted helminth infections*<li>Taeniasis/Cysticercosis (''Taenia'' spp.)*</ol></td></tr> <tr><th bgcolor="lightgray">Ectoarasites</th><td><ol start="18"><li>Scabies, Tungiasis & other ectoparasites (sandfleasmite, sandflea, etc.)</ol>
*<ol start="19"><li>Mycetoma , Chromoblastomycosis (chromomycosis) & other deep mycoses (mixture of various fungi and bacteriaspp.)</ol>
→Zoonosis
{{collapse
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'''Definition of the tropics'''
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*Between the Tropic of Cancer (north latitude 23°26′) and the Tropic of Capricorn (south latitude 23°26′)
{{collapse
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'''Top 3 causes of death in LMICs, HICs and worldwide in 2016'''
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<nowiki>*</nowiki>'''Bold names''' are communicable diseases
{{collapse
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'''Changes of top 10 causes of death worldwide from 2010 to 2016'''
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*Tuberculosis ranked down to the 10th in 2016 from the 6th in 2010
{{collapse
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'''List Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) and what are not listed in as NTDs'''
|content=
*[https://www.who.int/health-topics/neglected-tropical-diseases#tab=tab_1 List of NTDs by WHO]
<table border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse">
<tr>
<th bgcolor="lightgray">Virus</th>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<th bgcolor="lightgray">Bacteria</th>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<th bgcolor="lightgray">Protozoa</th>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th bgcolor="lightgray">Parasites- Nematodes</th>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<th bgcolor="lightgray">Fungi</th>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<th bgcolor="lightgray">Non-communicable</th>
<td>
<ol start="20"><li>Snakebites</ol></td></tr></table> *These are '''NOT''' listed as NTDs**HIV/AIDS**Tuberculosis**Malaria**Lower respiratory infections**Diarrhea}} ==Virus=={{collapse|title='''Two major classification manners of viruses'''|content=*RNA virus vs DNA virus*Enveloped virus vs Non-enveloped virus}} {{collapse|title='''Diagnostic methods of virus infection'''|content=*Detection of pathogen**Genome detection by PCR and other NAATs (nucleic acid amplification tests)**Antigen detection by ELISA and immunochromatography, etc.**Virus isolation using human/animal cells*Detection of antibody**IgM or IgG by ELISA and immunochromatography, etc.**Neutralizing antibody using human/animal cells}} {{collapse|title='''Definition of arboviruses'''|content=}} {{collapse|title='''Classification of major arboviruses and their major vectors'''|content=}} {{collapse|title='''Warning signs of severe dengue'''|content=}} {{collapse|title='''List of Vaccine-preventable arbovirus infections'''|content=}} {{collapse|title='''Essential knowledge of HIV'''|content=[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1N5GBSimejHLEk9We-fEC240mgjuT5-PC/view?usp=share_link Watch our Group 4 video and pick up information described in blue letters!]}} ==Bacteria=={{collapse|title='''Biological basis of Gram staining'''|content=*Bacteria have both of '''cell wall''' and '''cell membrane'''**Human and other animal cells have no cell wall**Plant cells have cell wall*Some bacteria have thick cell wall without outer membrane*Other bacteria have thin cell wall with outer membrane*Cell wall contains a layer of Peptidoglycan[[File:File_Bacterial_cell_walls.jpg|none|400px]]*Thick peptidoglycan layer catches and keep crystal violet with iodine*Outer membrane catches crystal violet with iodine but easily lose them by ethanol rinsing[[File:Gram_Stain.png|none|800px]]}} {{collapse|title='''Classification of major Gram-Positive cocci'''|content=<table border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tr bgcolor="lightgray"><th rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgray">Catalase Positive<br>in tubes</th><th colspan="3">Coagulase Positive<br>in tubes</th><th colspan="3">Coagulase Negative<br>in tubes</th></tr> <tr><td colspan="3">*''Staphylococcus aureus''</td><td colspan="3">*Snakebites''Staphylococcus epidermidis''*''Staphylococcus saprophyticus''</td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgray"><th rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgray">Catalase Negative<br>in tubes</th><th colspan="2">α hemolytic<br>(partial hemolysis)<br>on media</th><th colspan="2">β hemolytic<br>(complete hemolysis)<br>on media</th><th colspan="2">γ hemolytic<br>(no hemolysis)<br>on media</th></tr></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">*''Streptococcus pneumoniae''*''Streptococcus suis''*viridans ''Streptococcus''</td><td colspan="2">*Group A (beta) streptococci (''Streptococcus pyogenes'')*Group B (beta) streptococci (''Streptococcus agalactae'')*Group C (beta) streptococci*Group G (beta) streptococci</td><td colspan="2">*''Streptococcus bovis''*''Enterococcus faecium''*''Enterococcus faecalis''</td></tr></table>}} {{collapse|title='''Classification of major Gram-Positive bacilli'''|content=<table border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tr bgcolor="lightgray"><th></th><th>Spore forming</th><th>Non-spore forming</th></tr> <tr><th bgcolor="lightgray">Aerobic</th><td>*''Bacillus anthracis''*''Bacillus cereus''</td><td>*''Corynebacterium diphtheria''</td></tr> <tr><th bgcolor="lightgray">Anaerobic</th><td>*''Clostridium tetani''*''Clostridium perfringens''
</td>
<td>
*''Listeria monocytogenes''
</td>
</tr>
</table>
}}
{{collapse
|title=
'''Classification of major Gram-Negative cocci'''
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<table border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse">
<tr>
</tr>
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</tr>
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</tr>
</table>
}}
{{collapse
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'''Classification of major Gram-Negative bacili'''
|content=
<table border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse">
<tr>
<th bgcolor="lightgray">Lactose fermenting</th>
<td>
*''Escherichia coli''
*''Klebsiella pneumoniae''
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th bgcolor="lightgray">Non-lactose fermenting</th>
<td>
*''Shigella'' spp.
*''Salmonella'' spp.
*''Yersinia pestis''
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th bgcolor="lightgray">Non-fermenting</th>
<td>
*''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''
*''Burkholderia pseudomallei''
</td>
</tr>
</table>
}}
{{collapse
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'''Essential knowledge of Tuberculosis'''
|content=
*Bacterial structure different from other major bacteria
**Too thick lipid-rich cell wall; acid fast
*Epidemiology and disease burden
*Three species causing clinical tuberculosis
**''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''
**''M. bovis''
**''M. africanum'' (only in Africa)
*Airborne transmission
**No contact/fomite transmission
**Contaminated milk ingestion may cause food-borne tuberculosis by ''M. bovis'' (''bovis'' means cow)
*Three major Symptoms
**Cough for weeks
**Weight loss for weeks
**Night sweats for weeks
*Diagnostic methods
**sputum microscopy (Ziel-Nielsen staining)
**genome detection by GeneXpert (also detects resistance)
**culture (6-8 weeks)
**chest X-ray
**urine LAM assay
**Mantoux test and IGRA for latent infection
*Potential of long-term (months, years to decades) infection
**Human immune system cannot eliminate established infection but only contains (just to 'hide' ''Mycobacterium'')
*HIV-Tb co-infection is soooooo major public health problem
*Treatment
**6 months (2 intensive + 4 maintenance)
*Definition of drug resistance
**MDR
**XDR
}}
==Protozoa==
{{collapse
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'''How protozoa differ from bacteria'''
|content=
}}
{{collapse
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'''Classification of major protozoa in terms of reproduction manners and infecting organs/cells'''
|content=
-> [[Overview_of_protozoa]]
}}
{{collapse
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'''Essential knowledge of malaria'''
|content=
*Epidemiology and disease burden of malaria worldwide
**Especially of ''Plasmodium falciparum''
*Essential lifecycle
#Mosquito stage
#Human liver stage
#Human red cell stage
*Only ''P. vivax'' and ''P. ovale'' have hypnotic stage in liver cause '''relapse'''
**All species cause '''recrudescence''' due to inadequate/improper treatment
*Fever, Anemia, Splenomegaly
*Cerebral malaria almost only by ''P. falciparum'', which leads to high mortality
*Diagnosis made by Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and Blood smear microscopy (Giemsa staining)
**Blood smear includes thick smear (just to detect ''Plasmodium'') and thin smear (confirm species of ''Plasmodium'' and degree of parasitemia as disease severity)
}}
==Parasite==
{{collapse
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'''Major classification of parasites'''
|content=
*Helminth
**Nematode (round worm)
**Trematode (fluke, distoma)
**Cestode (tape worm)
*Ectoparasite
}}
==Zoonosis==
{{collapse
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'''Definition of Zoonosis'''
|content=
}}
{{collapse
|title=
'''List of major zoonoses and their host animals'''
|content=
<table border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse">
<tr bgcolor="lightgray">
<th></th>
<th>Disease</th>
<th>Pathogen</th>
<th>Host animals</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="4" bgcolor="lightgray">Virus</th>
<td>Ebola virus disease</td>
<td>Ebolavirus</td>
<td>Fruit bat</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Marburg disease</td>
<td>Marburg virus</td>
<td>Fruit bat</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)</td>
<td>MERS coronavirus</td>
<td>Camel <- Bat?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS)</td>
<td>SFTS virus</td>
<td>Deer, wild bores</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th bgcolor="lightgray">Bacteria</th>
<td>Anthrax</th>
<td>''Bacillus anthracis''</td>
<td>Herbivore (cattle, sheep, goat)
</table>
}}
