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{{collapse
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'''Definition of the tropics'''
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*Between the Tropic of Cancer (north latitude 23°26′) and the Tropic of Capricorn (south latitude 23°26′)
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'''Top 3 causes of death in LMICs, HICs and worldwide in 2016'''
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<nowiki>*</nowiki>'''Bold names''' are communicable diseases
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'''Changes of top 10 causes of death worldwide from 2010 to 2016'''
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*Tuberculosis ranked down to the 10th in 2016 from the 6th in 2010
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'''List Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) and what are not listed as NTDs'''
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*[https://www.who.int/health-topics/neglected-tropical-diseases#tab=tab_1 List of NTDs by WHO]
**Lower respiratory infections
**Diarrhea
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==Virus==
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'''Two major classification manners of viruses'''
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*RNA virus vs DNA virus
*Enveloped virus vs Non-enveloped virus
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'''Diagnostic methods of virus infection'''
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*Detection of pathogen
**Genome detection by PCR and other NAATs (nucleic acid amplification tests)
**Antigen detection by ELISA and immunochromatography, etc.
**Virus isolation using human/animal cells
*Detection of antibody
**IgM or IgG by ELISA and immunochromatography, etc.
**Neutralizing antibody using human/animal cells
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'''Definition of arboviruses'''
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'''Classification of major arboviruses and their major vectors'''
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'''Warning signs of severe dengue'''
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'''List of Vaccine-preventable arbovirus infections'''
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'''Essential knowledge of HIV'''
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[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1N5GBSimejHLEk9We-fEC240mgjuT5-PC/view?usp=share_link Watch our Group 4 video and pick up information described in blue letters!]
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==Bacteria==
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'''Biological basis of Gram staining'''
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*Bacteria have both of '''cell wall''' and '''cell membrane'''
**Human and other animal cells have no cell wall
**Plant cells have cell wall
*Some bacteria have thick cell wall without outer membrane
*Other bacteria have thin cell wall with outer membrane
*Cell wall contains a layer of Peptidoglycan
[[File:File_Bacterial_cell_walls.jpg|none|400px]]
*Thick peptidoglycan layer catches and keep crystal violet with iodine
*Outer membrane catches crystal violet with iodine but easily lose them by ethanol rinsing
[[File:Gram_Stain.png|none|800px]]
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'''Classification of major Gram-Positive cocci'''
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<table border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse">
<tr bgcolor="lightgray">
<th rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgray">Catalase Positive<br>in tubes</th>
<th colspan="3">Coagulase Positive<br>in tubes</th>
<th colspan="3">Coagulase Negative<br>in tubes</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3">
*''Staphylococcus aureus''
</td>
<td colspan="3">
*''Staphylococcus epidermidis''
*''Staphylococcus saprophyticus''
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="lightgray">
<th rowspan="2" bgcolor="lightgray">Catalase Negative<br>in tubes</th>
<th colspan="2">α hemolytic<br>(partial hemolysis)<br>on media</th>
<th colspan="2">β hemolytic<br>(complete hemolysis)<br>on media</th>
<th colspan="2">γ hemolytic<br>(no hemolysis)<br>on media</th>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
*''Streptococcus pneumoniae''
*''Streptococcus suis''
*viridans ''Streptococcus''
</td>
<td colspan="2">
*Group A (beta) streptococci (''Streptococcus pyogenes'')
*Group B (beta) streptococci (''Streptococcus agalactae'')
*Group C (beta) streptococci
*Group G (beta) streptococci
</td>
<td colspan="2">
*''Streptococcus bovis''
*''Enterococcus faecium''
*''Enterococcus faecalis''
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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'''Classification of major Gram-Positive bacilli'''
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<table border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse">
<tr bgcolor="lightgray">
<th></th>
<th>Spore forming</th>
<th>Non-spore forming</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th bgcolor="lightgray">Aerobic</th>
<td>
*''Bacillus anthracis''
*''Bacillus cereus''
</td>
<td>
*''Corynebacterium diphtheria''
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th bgcolor="lightgray">Anaerobic</th>
<td>
*''Clostridium tetani''
*''Clostridium perfringens''
</td>
<td>
*''Listeria monocytogenes''
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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'''Classification of major Gram-Negative cocci'''
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<table border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse">
<tr>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
</table>
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{{collapse
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'''Classification of major Gram-Negative bacili'''
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<table border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse">
<tr>
<th bgcolor="lightgray">Lactose fermenting</th>
<td>
*''Escherichia coli''
*''Klebsiella pneumoniae''
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th bgcolor="lightgray">Non-lactose fermenting</th>
<td>
*''Shigella'' spp.
*''Salmonella'' spp.
*''Yersinia pestis''
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th bgcolor="lightgray">Non-fermenting</th>
<td>
*''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''
*''Burkholderia pseudomallei''
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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'''Essential knowledge of Tuberculosis'''
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*Bacterial structure different from other major bacteria
**Too thick lipid-rich cell wall; acid fast
*Epidemiology and disease burden
*Three species causing clinical tuberculosis
**''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''
**''M. bovis''
**''M. africanum'' (only in Africa)
*Airborne transmission
**No contact/fomite transmission
**Contaminated milk ingestion may cause food-borne tuberculosis by ''M. bovis'' (''bovis'' means cow)
*Three major Symptoms
**Cough for weeks
**Weight loss for weeks
**Night sweats for weeks
*Diagnostic methods
**sputum microscopy (Ziel-Nielsen staining)
**genome detection by GeneXpert (also detects resistance)
**culture (6-8 weeks)
**chest X-ray
**urine LAM assay
**Mantoux test and IGRA for latent infection
*Potential of long-term (months, years to decades) infection
**Human immune system cannot eliminate established infection but only contains (just to 'hide' ''Mycobacterium'')
*HIV-Tb co-infection is soooooo major public health problem
*Treatment
**6 months (2 intensive + 4 maintenance)
*Definition of drug resistance
**MDR
**XDR
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==Protozoa==
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'''How protozoa differ from bacteria'''
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'''Classification of major protozoa in terms of reproduction manners and infecting organs/cells'''
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-> [[Overview_of_protozoa]]
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{{collapse
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'''Essential knowledge of malaria'''
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*Epidemiology and disease burden of malaria worldwide
**Especially of ''Plasmodium falciparum''
*Essential lifecycle
#Mosquito stage
#Human liver stage
#Human red cell stage
*Only ''P. vivax'' and ''P. ovale'' have hypnotic stage in liver cause '''relapse'''
**All species cause '''recrudescence''' due to inadequate/improper treatment
*Fever, Anemia, Splenomegaly
*Cerebral malaria almost only by ''P. falciparum'', which leads to high mortality
*Diagnosis made by Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and Blood smear microscopy (Giemsa staining)
**Blood smear includes thick smear (just to detect ''Plasmodium'') and thin smear (confirm species of ''Plasmodium'' and degree of parasitemia as disease severity)
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==Parasite==
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'''Major classification of parasites'''
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*Helminth
**Nematode (round worm)
**Trematode (fluke, distoma)
**Cestode (tape worm)
*Ectoparasite
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==Zoonosis==
{{collapse
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'''Definition of Zoonosis'''
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{{collapse
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'''List of major zoonoses and their host animals'''
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<table border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse">
<tr bgcolor="lightgray">
<th></th>
<th>Disease</th>
<th>Pathogen</th>
<th>Host animals</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="4" bgcolor="lightgray">Virus</th>
<td>Ebola virus disease</td>
<td>Ebolavirus</td>
<td>Fruit bat</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Marburg disease</td>
<td>Marburg virus</td>
<td>Fruit bat</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)</td>
<td>MERS coronavirus</td>
<td>Camel <- Bat?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS)</td>
<td>SFTS virus</td>
<td>Deer, wild bores</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th bgcolor="lightgray">Bacteria</th>
<td>Anthrax</th>
<td>''Bacillus anthracis''</td>
<td>Herbivore (cattle, sheep, goat)
</table>
}}
