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==definition==
*IDs vertical program ⇔ NCDs horizontal program
**history of inadequate nutrition since in mother's uterus
**more severe DM
*tropical diabetic hand syndrome
**usually after minor trauma
**seems not due to peripheral angiopathy/neuropathy
**localised cellulitis confined to hands, often progressive to amputation
==stroke==
*2/3 of worldwide stroke occur in developing countries
*40% occur in <70y/o
*ethnic differences
**caucasian
**80% ischemic stroke
*South Asian
**20-30% hemorrhagic stroke
*Africa
**26-33% cerebral hemorrhage
*Head CT
**≈100% in HICs
**90% in LMICs, but confined to a certain size of hospitals to which many residents have difficulty in access
*antiplatelet
**92% in HICs
**78% in LMICs
*rtPA
**30% in HICs
**3% in LMICs
==NCDs among children and adolescent==
*WHO definition for NCD deaths exclude that in < 30 y/o
*insufficient data
*rheumatic heart disease
**15.6 mil. per year
*Sickle cell anemia
**70% of world cases in Sub-Sahara
*pediatric and adolescent malignancy
**cure rate 80% in HICs, 20% in LMICs
*bronchial asthma
**high risk factor is solid fuel burned inside house
*suicide
**third leading deaths in 15-19 y/o
**risk
***sexual violence
***bullying
***discrimination
***in conflict or disaster zone
***
*injuries and violence
**intentional
***self
***by others
**unintentional 90%
***1st deaths in 10-19 y/o
***road traffic accidents 93% in LMIs
***drowning
***burns, death rate in LMIC 11 times higher than in HIC
***fall
***poisoning
==cancer and palliative care==
*cancer 2nd deaths worldwide
*9.6 mil. deaths in 2018
**1 in 6 deaths
*incidence in both sexes
**1 lung, 2 breast, 3 colon, 4 prostate
*mortality in both sexes
**1 lung, 2 colon, 3 stomach, 4 liver
*only 26% of LMICs have pathology service available
*only 20% of LMICs have cancer data
*1/3 of death by cancer are potentially preventable
**obesity reduction
**smoking cessation
**alcohol reduction
**infection control for HPV, HepB, HepC, ''H. pyroli''
**occupational exposures to environmental carcinogenic agents
===HPV===
*90% of HPV infection spontaneously regress within 24 months
*risk factors of infection
**early sexual activity
**young age at first birth
**multiple pregnancies
**multiple
*risk factors of cervical cancers
**HPV type
**immune status
**coinfections with other STIs including HIV
**multiparity and young age at first birth
**tobacco
**OC > 5 years, but it is confounding with sexual activity
