「Zoonosis」の版間の差分

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===Ebola and Marburg virus===
 
===Ebola and Marburg virus===
 
*''Filoviridae''
 
*''Filoviridae''
 +
*natural host of Marburg virus is almost defined as fruit bat
 +
**Marburg virus has been isolated from fruit bat
 +
*natural host of Ebola virus is still not defined as fruit bat
 +
**viral isolation from fruit bat is required to define
 +
**indirect evidences have been identified
 +
***fragments of genome of Ebola virus have been detected from fruit bat by PCR
 +
***antibody against Ebola virus has been detected from fruit bat sera
 +
***experimental infection of Ebola virus to fruit bat was successful and bat didn't show any symptoms
  
 
===Lassa virus===
 
===Lassa virus===

2021年4月19日 (月) 09:51時点における版

  • zoon = animal (Gr.)
  • noson = disease (Gr.)

definition

  • disease of vertebral animals that can be transmitted to human, either directly or indirectly through an insect vector
    • dengue is not zoonosis
  • 73% of human-affecting 1,415 pathogens are zoonotic
  • exclusions
    • fish and reptile toxins
    • allergies to vertebrates
    • animal-derived food-borne
      • eg. hep A
  • zooanthroponosis = non-human to human
  • anthropozoonosis = human to non-human
  • amphixenosis = both direction between human and non-human


  • orthozoonosis = perpetuated in nature by a single vertebrate species
    • rabies (skunk in natural host), brucellosis, anthrax
  • cyclozoonosis = requires more than one vertebrate species
    • cestoda (tapeworm)
  • metazoonosis = requires both of vertebrates and invertebrates
    • all arboviral pathogens, some bateria (plague, rickettsia), some parasite (leischmania)

virus

Ebola and Marburg virus

  • Filoviridae
  • natural host of Marburg virus is almost defined as fruit bat
    • Marburg virus has been isolated from fruit bat
  • natural host of Ebola virus is still not defined as fruit bat
    • viral isolation from fruit bat is required to define
    • indirect evidences have been identified
      • fragments of genome of Ebola virus have been detected from fruit bat by PCR
      • antibody against Ebola virus has been detected from fruit bat sera
      • experimental infection of Ebola virus to fruit bat was successful and bat didn't show any symptoms

Lassa virus

  • endemic in western Africa
  • mortality 1-2%
  • 100,000-300,000 cases/year
  • 5,000 deaths/year

Zika virus

  • Flaviviridae
  • incubation 2-12 days
  • Aedes
  • natural host unknown
    • rodents? non-human primates?
    • first identification was from rhesus macaque

MERS-CoV

SFTS virus

  • Bunyaviridae
  • first identified in China in 2011
  • natural host unknown
  • tick-borne

Variola virus

  • first pathogen to which concept of ring vaccination was established

bacteria

Bacillus anthrasis

  • anthrax
  • G(-) rod, aerobic
  • spore-forming, capsule-forming
  • primarily infects herbivore (cattle, sheep, goat)
  • no direct human to human transmission
  • there is vaccine for animal
  • endemic in many countries
  • gastrointestinal anthrax
    • ingestion of contaminated meat
    • incubation hours to 7 days
    • fever, hematemesis, bloody diarrhea
    • mortality when untreated 25-60%
    • penicillins
  • cutaneous anthrax
    • common in human; 95% of human anthrax
    • inoculation of spores under skin
    • incubation hours to 7 days
    • small itchy raised blister
    • produces ulcer and eschar
    • mortality when untreated 20%
  • inhalational anthrax
    • inhalation of spores
    • most likely due to bioterror
    • incubation 1-6 days up to 43 days
    • mortality 100% despite immediate Tx