===Temperature inversion===
*Air pollutants rise up in higher atmospheric layer and cap/cover a land resulting in that relatively colder air is trapped underneath capping warmer air
===Monitoring and sensing===
*Ground-based monitoring
**[https://waqi.info/ Real-time Air Quality Index Visual Map]
*Remote sensing by satellites
*Personal monitoring by small sensor
*Atmospheric modeling
===Health effects by particulate matter===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|
*Lung cancer
*Acute LRI
*Stroke
*Ischemic heart disease
*COPD
|
*Allergic disease?
*Diabetes?
*Cognitive dysfunction?
*Low birth weight?
*Diarrhea?
|}