提供: Vaccipedia | Resources for Vaccines, Tropical medicine and Travel medicine
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| *Diagnosis made by Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and Blood smear microscopy (Giemsa staining) | | *Diagnosis made by Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and Blood smear microscopy (Giemsa staining) |
| **Blood smear includes thick smear (just to detect ''Plasmodium'') and thin smear (confirm species of ''Plasmodium'' and degree of parasitemia as disease severity) | | **Blood smear includes thick smear (just to detect ''Plasmodium'') and thin smear (confirm species of ''Plasmodium'' and degree of parasitemia as disease severity) |
| + | }} |
| + | |
| + | ==Parasite== |
| + | {{collapse |
| + | |title= |
| + | '''Major classification of parasites''' |
| + | |content= |
| + | *Helminth |
| + | **Nematode (round worm) |
| + | **Trematode (fluke, distoma) |
| + | **Cestode (tape worm) |
| + | *Ectoparasite |
| + | }} |
| + | |
| + | ==Zoonosis== |
| + | {{collapse |
| + | |title= |
| + | '''Definition of Zoonosis''' |
| + | |content= |
| + | }} |
| + | |
| + | {{collapse |
| + | |title= |
| + | '''List of major zoonoses and their host animals''' |
| + | |content= |
| + | <table border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse"> |
| + | <tr bgcolor="lightgray"> |
| + | <th></th> |
| + | <th>Disease</th> |
| + | <th>Pathogen</th> |
| + | <th>Host animals</th> |
| + | </tr> |
| + | |
| + | <tr> |
| + | <th rowspan="4" bgcolor="lightgray">Virus</th> |
| + | <td>Ebola virus disease</td> |
| + | <td>Ebolavirus</td> |
| + | <td>Fruit bat</td> |
| + | </tr> |
| + | |
| + | <tr> |
| + | <td>Marburg disease</td> |
| + | <td>Marburg virus</td> |
| + | <td>Fruit bat</td> |
| + | </tr> |
| + | |
| + | <tr> |
| + | <td>Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)</td> |
| + | <td>MERS coronavirus</td> |
| + | <td>Camel <- Bat?</td> |
| + | </tr> |
| + | |
| + | <tr> |
| + | <td>Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS)</td> |
| + | <td>SFTS virus</td> |
| + | <td>Deer, wild bores</td> |
| + | </tr> |
| + | |
| + | <tr> |
| + | <th bgcolor="lightgray">Bacteria</th> |
| + | <td>Anthrax</th> |
| + | <td>''Bacillus anthracis''</td> |
| + | <td>Herbivore (cattle, sheep, goat) |
| + | </table> |
| }} | | }} |
2022年12月5日 (月) 23:45時点における最新版
Overview of Tropical Medicine
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Definition of the tropics
- Between the Tropic of Cancer (north latitude 23°26′) and the Tropic of Capricorn (south latitude 23°26′)
- Covers 40% of land surfaces and 40% of population
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Top 3 causes of death in LMICs, HICs and worldwide in 2016
*Bold names are communicable diseases
Worldwide |
LMICs |
HICs |
- Ischemic heart disease
- Stroke
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
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- Lower respiratory infections
- Diarrhea
- Ischemic heart disease
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- Ischemic heart disease
- Stroke
- Alzheimer and other dementias
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Changes of top 10 causes of death worldwide from 2010 to 2016
- Tuberculosis ranked down to the 10th in 2016 from the 6th in 2010
- HIV/AIDS ranked down out of 10 in 2016 from the 7th in 2010
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List Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) and what are not listed as NTDs
Virus |
- Dengue & Chikungunya (dengue virus, chikungunya virus)
- Rabies (rabies virus)
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Bacteria |
- Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans)
- Leprosy (Mycobacterium leprosy)
- Trachoma (Chlamydia trachomatis)
- Yaws (Treponema pallidum pertenue)
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Protozoa |
- Chagas disease, American trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma cruzi)
- Human African trypanosomyasis, Sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma brucei spp.)
- Leishmaniasis (cutaneous and visceral) (Leishmania spp.)
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Parasites - Nematodes |
- Dracunculiasis, Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis)
- Lymphatic filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi)
- Onchocerciasis (Onchocerca volvulus)
- Soil-transmitted helminth infections
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Parasites - Trematodes |
- Foodborne trematode infections
- Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma spp.)
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Parasites - Cestodes |
- Echinococcosis (Echinococcus granulosus, E. multilocularis)
- Taeniasis/Cysticercosis (Taenia spp.)
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Ectoarasites |
- Scabies, Tungiasis & other ectoparasites (mite, sandflea, etc.)
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Fungi |
- Mycetoma, Chromoblastomycosis (chromomycosis) & other deep mycoses (various spp.)
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Non-communicable |
- Snakebites
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- These are NOT listed as NTDs
- HIV/AIDS
- Tuberculosis
- Malaria
- Lower respiratory infections
- Diarrhea
Virus
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Two major classification manners of viruses
- RNA virus vs DNA virus
- Enveloped virus vs Non-enveloped virus
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Diagnostic methods of virus infection
- Detection of pathogen
- Genome detection by PCR and other NAATs (nucleic acid amplification tests)
- Antigen detection by ELISA and immunochromatography, etc.
- Virus isolation using human/animal cells
- Detection of antibody
- IgM or IgG by ELISA and immunochromatography, etc.
- Neutralizing antibody using human/animal cells
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Definition of arboviruses
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Classification of major arboviruses and their major vectors
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Warning signs of severe dengue
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List of Vaccine-preventable arbovirus infections
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Essential knowledge of HIV
Bacteria
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Biological basis of Gram staining
- Bacteria have both of cell wall and cell membrane
- Human and other animal cells have no cell wall
- Plant cells have cell wall
- Some bacteria have thick cell wall without outer membrane
- Other bacteria have thin cell wall with outer membrane
- Cell wall contains a layer of Peptidoglycan
- Thick peptidoglycan layer catches and keep crystal violet with iodine
- Outer membrane catches crystal violet with iodine but easily lose them by ethanol rinsing
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Classification of major Gram-Positive cocci
Catalase Positive in tubes |
Coagulase Positive in tubes |
Coagulase Negative in tubes |
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- Staphylococcus epidermidis
- Staphylococcus saprophyticus
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Catalase Negative in tubes |
α hemolytic (partial hemolysis) on media |
β hemolytic (complete hemolysis) on media |
γ hemolytic (no hemolysis) on media |
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Streptococcus suis
- viridans Streptococcus
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- Group A (beta) streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes)
- Group B (beta) streptococci (Streptococcus agalactae)
- Group C (beta) streptococci
- Group G (beta) streptococci
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- Streptococcus bovis
- Enterococcus faecium
- Enterococcus faecalis
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Classification of major Gram-Positive bacilli
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Spore forming |
Non-spore forming |
Aerobic |
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
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- Corynebacterium diphtheria
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Anaerobic |
- Clostridium tetani
- Clostridium perfringens
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|
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Classification of major Gram-Negative cocci
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Classification of major Gram-Negative bacili
Lactose fermenting |
- Escherichia coli
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
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Non-lactose fermenting |
- Shigella spp.
- Salmonella spp.
- Yersinia pestis
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Non-fermenting |
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
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Essential knowledge of Tuberculosis
- Bacterial structure different from other major bacteria
- Too thick lipid-rich cell wall; acid fast
- Epidemiology and disease burden
- Three species causing clinical tuberculosis
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- M. bovis
- M. africanum (only in Africa)
- Airborne transmission
- No contact/fomite transmission
- Contaminated milk ingestion may cause food-borne tuberculosis by M. bovis (bovis means cow)
- Three major Symptoms
- Cough for weeks
- Weight loss for weeks
- Night sweats for weeks
- Diagnostic methods
- sputum microscopy (Ziel-Nielsen staining)
- genome detection by GeneXpert (also detects resistance)
- culture (6-8 weeks)
- chest X-ray
- urine LAM assay
- Mantoux test and IGRA for latent infection
- Potential of long-term (months, years to decades) infection
- Human immune system cannot eliminate established infection but only contains (just to 'hide' Mycobacterium)
- HIV-Tb co-infection is soooooo major public health problem
- Treatment
- 6 months (2 intensive + 4 maintenance)
- Definition of drug resistance
Protozoa
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How protozoa differ from bacteria
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Classification of major protozoa in terms of reproduction manners and infecting organs/cells
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Essential knowledge of malaria
- Epidemiology and disease burden of malaria worldwide
- Especially of Plasmodium falciparum
- Essential lifecycle
- Mosquito stage
- Human liver stage
- Human red cell stage
- Only P. vivax and P. ovale have hypnotic stage in liver cause relapse
- All species cause recrudescence due to inadequate/improper treatment
- Fever, Anemia, Splenomegaly
- Cerebral malaria almost only by P. falciparum, which leads to high mortality
- Diagnosis made by Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and Blood smear microscopy (Giemsa staining)
- Blood smear includes thick smear (just to detect Plasmodium) and thin smear (confirm species of Plasmodium and degree of parasitemia as disease severity)
Parasite
展開する
Major classification of parasites
- Helminth
- Nematode (round worm)
- Trematode (fluke, distoma)
- Cestode (tape worm)
- Ectoparasite
Zoonosis
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Definition of Zoonosis
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List of major zoonoses and their host animals
|
Disease |
Pathogen |
Host animals |
Virus |
Ebola virus disease |
Ebolavirus |
Fruit bat |
Marburg disease |
Marburg virus |
Fruit bat |
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) |
MERS coronavirus |
Camel <- Bat? |
Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) |
SFTS virus |
Deer, wild bores |
Bacteria |
Anthrax
| Bacillus anthracis |
Herbivore (cattle, sheep, goat)
|