「Environmental health」の版間の差分

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*Land use change
 
*Land use change
 
*Intense rainfall by oceanic environmental changes
 
*Intense rainfall by oceanic environmental changes
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==Air pollution==
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===Classification of air pollutants===
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{|class="wikitable"
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|-
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!Primary
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!Secondary
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|-
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|
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*Carbon compounds
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**CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, VOCs
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*Nitrogen compounds
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**NO, N<sub>2</sub>O, NH<sub>3</sub>
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*Particulate matter
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**PM2.5
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|
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*(NO→) NO<sub>2</sub>, HNO<sub>3</sub>
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*(VOCs→) O<sub>3</sub>
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*(gaseous pollutants→) Sufate, nitrates, organic aerosols
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|}
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{|class="wikitable"
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|-
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!Natural source
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!Anthropogenic source
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|-
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|
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*Wind blown dust, desert dust
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*Pollen, aero-allergens
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*Smoke, fly ash, gases from forest fires
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*Volcanic ash and gases
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|
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*Industry
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*Transportation system
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*Consumer and commercial product
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*Commercial and residential heating
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*Agriculture, livestock
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|}

2022年12月15日 (木) 11:18時点における版

Functions of forest

  • Evapotranspiration
  • Coniferous woods compared to broad leaf deciduous woods have shallower roots which leads to less ability to retain rain falls and land slides

Malaria from view point of environmental change

Africa SE Asia
  • Anopheles gambiae complex
    • Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto
    • Anopheles arabiensis
  • Anopheles funestus
  • Anopheles dirus complex
  • Anopheles minimus complex
  • Anopheles sundaicus complex
  • Human cases are aggregated in deforested and reclaimed areas
    • uncontrolled land border crossings keep importing/exporting cases
  • Human cases are aggregated in natural forested areas
    • especially around land border areas
species distribution biting preference resting site breeding site
Anopheles arabiensis Africa livestock outside small, open water body
= more artificial/deforested/reclaimed area
where also provides higher water temp.
Anopheles gambiae s.s. human inside house
Anopheles funestus large vegetated water body
= more natural area
Anopheles dirus complex SE Asia forested area
Anopheles minimus complex hilly forested area
Anopheles sundaicus complex coastal area

Factors affecting malaria endemicity

  • Global warming
  • Population (density) increase
  • Importation of malaria beyond borders (esp. land borders)
  • Plasmodium drug resistance
  • Degradation of control system
  • Land use change
  • Intense rainfall by oceanic environmental changes

Air pollution

Classification of air pollutants

Primary Secondary
  • Carbon compounds
    • CO, CO2, CH4, VOCs
  • Nitrogen compounds
    • NO, N2O, NH3
  • Particulate matter
    • PM2.5
  • (NO→) NO2, HNO3
  • (VOCs→) O3
  • (gaseous pollutants→) Sufate, nitrates, organic aerosols
Natural source Anthropogenic source
  • Wind blown dust, desert dust
  • Pollen, aero-allergens
  • Smoke, fly ash, gases from forest fires
  • Volcanic ash and gases
  • Industry
  • Transportation system
  • Consumer and commercial product
  • Commercial and residential heating
  • Agriculture, livestock