Environmental health
Functions of forest
- Evapotranspiration
- Coniferous woods compared to broad leaf deciduous woods have shallower roots which leads to less ability to retain rain falls and land slides
Malaria from view point of environmental change
Africa | SE Asia |
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species | distribution | biting preference | resting site | breeding site |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anopheles arabiensis | Africa | livestock | outside | small, open water body = more artificial/deforested/reclaimed area where also provides higher water temp. |
Anopheles gambiae s.s. | human | inside house | ||
Anopheles funestus | large vegetated water body = more natural area | |||
Anopheles dirus complex | SE Asia |
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Anopheles minimus complex |
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Anopheles sundaicus complex |
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Factors affecting malaria endemicity
- Global warming
- Population (density) increase
- Importation of malaria beyond borders (esp. land borders)
- Plasmodium drug resistance
- Degradation of control system
- Land use change
- Intense rainfall by oceanic environmental changes