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→Population Attributable Fraction (PAF)
==Air pollution==
*Approx. 6 million deaths are attributable to air pollution in 2019
===Classification of air pollutants===
{|class="wikitable"
**PM2.5
|
*(NO→) ::NO<sub>2</sub>, HNO<sub>3</sub>*(VOCs→) ::O<sub>3</sub>*(gaseous pollutants→) ::Sufate, nitrates, organic aerosols
|}
*Agriculture, livestock
|}
===Temperature inversion===
*Air pollutants rise up in higher atmospheric layer and cap/cover a land resulting in that relatively colder air is trapped underneath capping warmer air
===Monitoring and sensing===
*Ground-based monitoring
**[https://waqi.info/ Real-time Air Quality Index Visual Map]
*Remote sensing by satellites
*Personal monitoring by small sensor
*Atmospheric modeling
===Health effects by particulate matter===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|
*Lung cancer
*Acute LRI
*Stroke
*Ischemic heart disease
*COPD
|
*Allergic disease?
*Diabetes?
*Cognitive dysfunction?
*Low birth weight?
*Diarrhea?
|}
===How to assess exposures===
*Direct
**Personal monitoring
**Biological marker measurement
*Indirect
**Environmental monitoring
**Mathematical model
**Questionnaire
**Diary
===Population Attributable Fraction (PAF)===
*The fraction of all cases of a particular disease or other adverse condition in a population that is attributable to a specific exposure
<math>PAF = \frac{E(RR-1)}{E(RR-1)+1}</math>
where
*<math>E</math> is proportion of exposed among population
*<math>RR</math> is relative risk of the exposure derived from air pollution mortality function
