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Functions of forest
- Evapotranspiration
- Coniferous woods compared to broad leaf deciduous woods have shallower roots which leads to less ability to retain rain falls and land slides
Malaria from view point of environmental change
| Africa
|
SE Asia
|
- Anopheles gambiae complex
- Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto
- Anopheles arabiensis
- Anopheles funestus
|
- Anopheles dirus complex
- Anopheles minimus complex
- Anopheles sundaicus complex
|
- Human cases are aggregated in deforested and reclaimed areas
- uncontrolled land border crossings keep importing/exporting cases
|
- Human cases are aggregated in natural forested areas
- especially around land border areas
|
| species
|
distribution
|
biting preference
|
resting site
|
breeding site
|
| Anopheles arabiensis
|
Africa
|
livestock
|
outside
|
small, open water body
= more artificial/deforested/reclaimed area
where also provides higher water temp.
|
| Anopheles gambiae s.s.
|
human
|
inside house
|
| Anopheles funestus
|
large vegetated water body
= more natural area
|
| Anopheles dirus complex
|
SE Asia
|
|
|
forested area
|
| Anopheles minimus complex
|
|
|
hilly forested area
|
| Anopheles sundaicus complex
|
|
|
coastal area
|
Factors affecting malaria endemicity
- Global warming
- Population (density) increase
- Importation of malaria beyond borders (esp. land borders)
- Plasmodium drug resistance
- Degradation of control system
- Land use change
- Intense rainfall by oceanic environmental changes
Air pollution
Classification of air pollutants
| Primary
|
Secondary
|
- Carbon compounds
- Nitrogen compounds
- Particulate matter
|
- NO2, HNO3
- O3
- Sufate, nitrates, organic aerosols
|
| Natural source
|
Anthropogenic source
|
- Wind blown dust, desert dust
- Pollen, aero-allergens
- Smoke, fly ash, gases from forest fires
- Volcanic ash and gases
|
- Industry
- Transportation system
- Consumer and commercial product
- Commercial and residential heating
- Agriculture, livestock
|
Temperature inversion
- Air pollutants rise up in higher atmospheric layer and cap/cover a land resulting in that relatively colder air is trapped underneath capping warmer air
