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ページの作成:「{{Floating_Menu}} ==PAMPs and PRRs== *PAMPs = Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns *PRRs = Pattern Recognition Receptors {{#mermaid: flowchart LR pa[PAMPs<br>on path…」
{{Floating_Menu}}
==PAMPs and PRRs==
*PAMPs = Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns
*PRRs = Pattern Recognition Receptors
{{#mermaid:
flowchart LR
pa[PAMPs<br>on pathogens]
pr[PRRs<br>on innate immune cells]
pa --recognition--> pr
}}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!PAMPs
!PRRs
|-style="vertical-align:top"
|
*Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
*Peptideglycan
|
*'''Toll-like receptor (TLR)'''
*NOD-like receptor
*RIG-like receptor
*Scavenger receptor
*Opsonin
|}
==Toll-like receptor (TLR)==
*Toll is originally a gene discovered in 1985 as a determinant gene of orientation of dorsum and abdomen in drosophila (fruit fly)
**Toll means 'great' in German
*Later toll gene was also discovered to be involved in immunity of drosophila in 1996
*In 1997 'toll-like gene' resembling the original toll gene was found in mice, which functions in innate immunity of broad range of vertebrates
*Toll-like gene produces '''toll-like receptor''' expressed on the surfaces of innate immunity cells
{{#mermaid:
flowchart LR
subgraph tlr[Toll-like receptor]
direction LR
lr[Leucin-rich<br>repeats] --- tir["Toll/IL-1/Receptor<br>domain"]
end
pa[PAMPs] --recognition--> tlr
tlr --> t1i[Type I interferons] -.-> av[Anti-viral response]
tlr --> ils["IL-12<br>IL-6<br>TNF-α"] -.-> in[Inflammation]
}}
==Cytokines==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Cytokines
|-
|
*Interleukin (IL)
*Interferon (IFN)
*Colony stimulating factor (CSF)
*Tumor nectoris factor (TNF)
|}
===JAK-STAT pathway===
*JAK = Janus kinase
*STAT = Signal transducers and activation of transcription
{{#mermaid:
flowchart LR
c[Cytokine] --> cr
subgraph js[JAK-STAT]
direction LR
is[inactive STAT] -.recruitment.-> cr[Cytokine receptor]
cr -.phosphorylation.-> as[active STAT]
end
as -."transcription<br>in nucleus".-> c2[Cytokines]
}}
==Macrophage==
{{#mermaid:
flowchart LR
subgraph ma[Inside marophage]
direction TB
p[Phagocyte oxidase]
i[iNOS]
c[TNF, IL-1, IL-12]
f[Fibroblast growth factor]
end
p & i -.-> k[Kill microbes]
pa[PAMPs] --> t[TLR] --> ma
c -.-> ia[Inflammation<br>Activate adaptive immunity]
if["IFN-γ"] --> ir["IFN-γ receptor"] --> ma
f -.-> tr[Tissue remodeling]
}}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!cytokines<br>secreted by Macrophage
!local effects
!systemic effects
|-
!IL-1β
|activate vascular endothelium
|fever
|-
!TNF-α
|increase vascular permeability
|fever
|-
!IL-6
|activate lymphocyte
|fever
|-
!CXCL8
|recruit granulocytes to site of infection
|
|-
!IL-12
|activate NK cell
|
|}
==Complement==
{{#mermaid:
flowchart LR
cp[Antigen-antibody complex] --Classical pathway--> ca[Complement activation]
lp[Lectin binding to pathogen] --Lectin pathway--> ca
ap[Pathogen surface] --Alternative pathway--> ca
ca --> i[Inflammatory response]
ca --> o[Opsonization of pathogen]
ca --> k[Killing of pathogen]
}}
==Inflammation==
{{#mermaid:
flowchart LR
in[Invasion] --> ck[Cytokines]
ck --> vs[Vasodilation] & vp["Vascular permeability↑"]
ck --> rc[Recruitment of immune cells]
in --> ca[Complement activation]
ck --> fv[Fever]
ca --> Inflammation & Opsonization
}}
==PAMPs and PRRs==
*PAMPs = Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns
*PRRs = Pattern Recognition Receptors
{{#mermaid:
flowchart LR
pa[PAMPs<br>on pathogens]
pr[PRRs<br>on innate immune cells]
pa --recognition--> pr
}}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!PAMPs
!PRRs
|-style="vertical-align:top"
|
*Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
*Peptideglycan
|
*'''Toll-like receptor (TLR)'''
*NOD-like receptor
*RIG-like receptor
*Scavenger receptor
*Opsonin
|}
==Toll-like receptor (TLR)==
*Toll is originally a gene discovered in 1985 as a determinant gene of orientation of dorsum and abdomen in drosophila (fruit fly)
**Toll means 'great' in German
*Later toll gene was also discovered to be involved in immunity of drosophila in 1996
*In 1997 'toll-like gene' resembling the original toll gene was found in mice, which functions in innate immunity of broad range of vertebrates
*Toll-like gene produces '''toll-like receptor''' expressed on the surfaces of innate immunity cells
{{#mermaid:
flowchart LR
subgraph tlr[Toll-like receptor]
direction LR
lr[Leucin-rich<br>repeats] --- tir["Toll/IL-1/Receptor<br>domain"]
end
pa[PAMPs] --recognition--> tlr
tlr --> t1i[Type I interferons] -.-> av[Anti-viral response]
tlr --> ils["IL-12<br>IL-6<br>TNF-α"] -.-> in[Inflammation]
}}
==Cytokines==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Cytokines
|-
|
*Interleukin (IL)
*Interferon (IFN)
*Colony stimulating factor (CSF)
*Tumor nectoris factor (TNF)
|}
===JAK-STAT pathway===
*JAK = Janus kinase
*STAT = Signal transducers and activation of transcription
{{#mermaid:
flowchart LR
c[Cytokine] --> cr
subgraph js[JAK-STAT]
direction LR
is[inactive STAT] -.recruitment.-> cr[Cytokine receptor]
cr -.phosphorylation.-> as[active STAT]
end
as -."transcription<br>in nucleus".-> c2[Cytokines]
}}
==Macrophage==
{{#mermaid:
flowchart LR
subgraph ma[Inside marophage]
direction TB
p[Phagocyte oxidase]
i[iNOS]
c[TNF, IL-1, IL-12]
f[Fibroblast growth factor]
end
p & i -.-> k[Kill microbes]
pa[PAMPs] --> t[TLR] --> ma
c -.-> ia[Inflammation<br>Activate adaptive immunity]
if["IFN-γ"] --> ir["IFN-γ receptor"] --> ma
f -.-> tr[Tissue remodeling]
}}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!cytokines<br>secreted by Macrophage
!local effects
!systemic effects
|-
!IL-1β
|activate vascular endothelium
|fever
|-
!TNF-α
|increase vascular permeability
|fever
|-
!IL-6
|activate lymphocyte
|fever
|-
!CXCL8
|recruit granulocytes to site of infection
|
|-
!IL-12
|activate NK cell
|
|}
==Complement==
{{#mermaid:
flowchart LR
cp[Antigen-antibody complex] --Classical pathway--> ca[Complement activation]
lp[Lectin binding to pathogen] --Lectin pathway--> ca
ap[Pathogen surface] --Alternative pathway--> ca
ca --> i[Inflammatory response]
ca --> o[Opsonization of pathogen]
ca --> k[Killing of pathogen]
}}
==Inflammation==
{{#mermaid:
flowchart LR
in[Invasion] --> ck[Cytokines]
ck --> vs[Vasodilation] & vp["Vascular permeability↑"]
ck --> rc[Recruitment of immune cells]
in --> ca[Complement activation]
ck --> fv[Fever]
ca --> Inflammation & Opsonization
}}
