Innate immunity

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PAMPs and PRRs

• PAMPs = Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns
• PRRs = Pattern Recognition Receptors

PAMPs	PRRs
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Peptideglycan	Toll-like receptor (TLR) NOD-like receptor RIG-like receptor Scavenger receptor Opsonin

Toll-like receptor (TLR)

• Toll is originally a gene discovered in 1985 as a determinant gene of orientation of dorsum and abdomen in drosophila (fruit fly)
  • Toll means 'great' in German
• Later toll gene was also discovered to be involved in immunity of drosophila in 1996
• In 1997 'toll-like gene' resembling the original toll gene was found in mice, which functions in innate immunity of broad range of vertebrates
• Toll-like gene produces toll-like receptor expressed on the surfaces of innate immunity cells

Cytokines

Cytokines
Interleukin (IL) Interferon (IFN) Colony stimulating factor (CSF) Tumor nectoris factor (TNF)

JAK-STAT pathway

• JAK = Janus kinase
• STAT = Signal transducers and activation of transcription

Macrophage

cytokines secreted by Macrophage	local effects	systemic effects
IL-1β	activate vascular endothelium	fever
TNF-α	increase vascular permeability	fever
IL-6	activate lymphocyte	fever
CXCL8	recruit granulocytes to site of infection
IL-12	activate NK cell