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==''Onchocerca volvulus''==
{{intermediate
*female '''33-50 cm''' (not mm), male 2-5 cm
*live 15 years
*''Wolbachia'' spp. is endosymbiotic bacteria in female uterus, which is essential to survival of female adult
<li>female produce microfilariae 9 years
*220-360 µm
**''Onchocerca vulvols''のIgG4抗体および抗原をimmunochromatographで検出
==治療treatment==*Ivermectinfor microfilariae**'''ivermectin''' is effective '''only for microfilariae'''**only one dose of ivermectin 150 µg/kg (both for children and adults) significantly decrease microfilariae load that '''lasts a year or more'''**'''every 6 month repetition'''*If use diethylcarbamazepine (DEC) for onchocerciasis it kills microfilariae inside skin and develops severe allergic reaction against dead microfilariae on skin*for adult **'''doxycycline''' is effective for '''''Wolbachia''''' resulting in '''killing of 60% and sterlizing 80-90% of female adult'''
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