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Onchocerca volvulus
| Intermediate host
|
| Category
|
blackfly ブヨ, female
|
| Latin
|
genus Simulium
|
| Inward infection
|
blood-feeding of human
|
| Organ
|
midgut
|
| Reproduction
|
asexual
|
| Course
|
microfilariae has no sheath
- migrate to thoracic muscle
- metamorphoses L1→L2→L3 in thoracic muscle
- L3 migrate to proboscis
|
| Detection
|
|
| Outward transmission
|
blood-feeding of human
|
| Definitive host
|
| Category
|
HUMAN
|
| Latin
|
|
| Inward infection
|
blood-feeding by female blackfly
|
| Organ
|
skin, lymphatics, blood, urine
|
| Reproduction
|
sexual
|
| Course
|
- L3 into adult in subcutaneous
- subcutaneous nodule
- female 33-50 cm (not mm), male 2-5 cm
- live 15 years
- Wolbachia spp. is endosymbiotic bacteria in female uterus, which is essential to survival of female adult
- female produce microfilariae 9 years
- 220-360 µm
- 2 years
- mainly skin, connective tissue, sometimes lymphatics, blood, urine, sputum
- allergy and inflammation resulting in serious skin pruritis (leopard skin, anterior tibia) and keratitis (river blindeness)
|
| Detection
|
- skin snipping
- no nocturnality, every time in a day available
- microfilariae has no sheath
|
| Outward transmission
|
blood-feeding by female blackfly
|
診断
- Skin snipping による皮膚断片の培養と顕微鏡下観察
- 高浸淫地では有用だが，低感度なので有病割合が低下すると有用性が劣る
- RDT
- Onchocerca vulvolsのIgG4抗体および抗原をimmunochromatographで検出
treatment
- for microfilariae
- ivermectin is effective only for microfilariae
- only one dose of ivermectin 150 µg/kg (both for children and adults) significantly decrease microfilariae load that lasts a year or more
- every 6 month repetition
- for adult
- doxycycline is effective for Wolbachia resulting in killing of 60% and sterlizing 80-90% of female adult
