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→Vaccine
**effective only in blood stage
**needs 4 weeks continuation after leaving endemic area
==Malaria immunology==
===Reasons why immunity against ''Plasmodium'' needs repetitive infections===
*Genetic heterogeneity of ''Plasmodium''
*Modulation of host immune responses by ''Plasmodium''
===Candidate antigens for malaria vaccine===
*Radiation-attenuated sporozoite (RAS)
*Genetically-attenuated sporozoite (GAS)
**Sap 1: early arresting
**Fabb/f: late arresting
*Circumsporozoite protein (CSP)
[https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/ja/typhi-m/iasr-reference/2566-related-articles/related-articles-508/11207-508r08.html IASR 2022年6月]
===Proteins on RBC knobs===
*Surface proteins on trophozoite-infected RBC
**PfEMP-1
***binds adhesion molecules on brain endotherial cells = sequestration
****ICAM-1, VCAM-1, CD36
***only in ring form in blood
**RIFINs
**STAVOR
==Vaccine==
