Lymphatic filariasis

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Lympatic filariasisから転送)
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  • ヒト体内でadultから生まれたmicrofilariaは吸血で蚊に移行し,蚊の体内で3回moltを繰り返してL3 larvaeに至る.
  • L3は1.7mmまで体長を増し,吸血によって蚊の体外に放出され,蚊が生じた穿刺口等から皮内に侵入する
1.7mmもの体長のlarvaeがどうやって体長10mmに満たない蚊の体内で共存できるのか?
  • Onchocerciasisのヒト体内の病態生理はmicrofilariaによるが,lymphatic filariasisはadultによる.
  • Lymphatic filariasisでリンパ浮腫を生じている患者の下肢をエコーで観察すると,拡張したリンパ管内で蠢くadult filariaを観察できる.

Filarial dance under ultrasonography

distribution

Lymphatic Filariasis distribution 2006.jpg

Brugia malayi

Intermediate host
Category mosquito, female
Latin Mansonia spp., Aedes spp.
Inward infection blood-feeding of human
Organ midgut, thoracic muscle, proboscis
Reproduction
Course
  1. microfilariae lose sheath
  2. migrate to thoracic muscle
  3. metamorphoses L1→L2→L3 in thoracic muscle
  4. L3 migrate to proboscis
Detection
Outward transmission blood-feeding of human through proboscis
Definitive host
Category HUMAN
Latin
Inward infection blood-feeding by mosquito
Organ lymphatics, blood stream
Reproduction sexual
Course
  1. L3 invade through cleavage on skin
  2. L3 migrate to lymphatics
  3. develop to adult
    • female 43-55 mm, male 13-23 mm
    • obstruct lymphatics resulted in elephantiasis and hydrocele in years
  4. mate in lymphatics
  5. produce sheathed microfilariae (no egg)
    • 177-230 µm
    • nocturnal periodicity
  6. microfilariae migrate to blood circulation
    • mechanism unknown
Detection
    • microscopy, microfilariae, Giemsa stain, blood taken nocturnally
    • concentration technique
      • 2% formalin to blood (Knott's technique)
      • polycarbonate membrane filtration
    Outward transmission blood-feeding by mosquito

    Wuchereria bancrofti

    Intermediate host
    Category mosquito, female
    Latin Aedes spp., Anopheles spp., Culex spp., Mansonia spp., Coquillettida juxtamansonia
    Inward infection blood-feeding of human
    Organ midgut, thoracic muscle, proboscis
    Reproduction
    Course
    1. microfilariae lose sheath
    2. migrate to thoracic muscle
    3. metamorphoses L1→L2→L3 in thoracic muscle
    4. L3 migrate to proboscis
    Detection
    Outward transmission blood-feeding of human through proboscis
    Definitive host
    Category HUMAN
    Latin
    Inward infection blood-feeding by mosquito
    Organ lymphatics, blood stream
    Reproduction sexual
    Course
    1. L3 invade through cleavage on skin
    2. L3 migrate to lymphatics
    3. develop to adult
      • female 80-100 mm, male 40 mm
      • obstruct lymphatics resulted in elephantiasis and hydrocele in years
    4. mate in lymphatics
    5. produce sheathed microfilariae (no egg)
      • 244-296 µm
      • nocturnal periodicity
    6. microfilariae migrate to blood circulation
      • mechanism unknown
    Detection
      • microscopy, microfilariae, Giemsa stain, blood taken nocturnally
        • concentration technique
          • 2% formalin to blood (Knott's technique)
          • polycarbonate membrane filtration
      • blood Ag RDT; rapid immunochromatographic antigen test (ICT card test)
      • urine Ab ELISA; high sensitivity and specificity
        • possible diurnally
      Outward transmission blood-feeding by mosquito

      mass drug administration MDA

      • Diethylcarbamazepine (DEC) 6mg/kg only once for all inhabitant in endemic area
        • repeated several consecutive years

      Ottesen EA, Hooper PJ, Bradley M, Biswas G. The global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: Health impact after 8 years. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2008;2(10). doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000317