Insectology

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Protozoa
Overview of protozoa Overview of medicine for protozoa Malaria Chagas disease African trypanosomiasis Leishmaniasis Trichomoniasis Toxoplasmosis Amoebiasis Giardiasis Cryptosporidiosis Cyclosporiasis Isosporiasis Pentatrichomoniasis Microsporidiasis Babesiosis

Fungi
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Nematode (roundworm)
Nematode principles Lympatic filariasis Onchocerciasis Loiasis Microscopic differentiation of microfilariae Strongyloidiasis Ascariasis Ancylostomiasis (hookworm) Trichuriasis (whipworm) Enterobiasis (pinworm) Angiostrongyliasis (rat lungworm) Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm) Anisakiasis Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) Gnathostomiasis Spirurinasis Soil-transmitted helminths

Trematode (fluke, distoma)
General issues of Helminths Trematode principles Schistosomiasis Clonorchiasis Fascioliasis Paragonimiasis Metagonimiasis

Cestode (tapeworm)
General issues of Helminths Cestode principles Diphyllobothriasis Sparganosis Taeniasis Echinococcosis

Medical Zoology
Zoonosis Insectology Mosquitology Acarology Batology Snake toxicology Scorpion and spider toxicology Marine toxicology

昆虫と非昆虫

• Invertebrate
  • Arthropod
    • Insects including mosquito
    • Tick

• animalia
  • arthropoda
    • insecta
    • arachnida

• 外骨格 exoskelton
  • 骨に比べて外骨格は重量物を支持するのが困難なため，虫類は一定以上の大きさを持てない
• 変温動物 poikilothermic

• 完全変態 complete metamorphosis
  • egg (ovo) - larva - pupa - adult
• 不完全変態 incomplete metamorphosis
  • egg (ovo) - nymph - adult

Arthropod-borne diseases

Arthropod-borne diseasesは50以上ある

• 半分はmosquito-borne
• 残り半分近くがtick-borne
• Chagas d.
  • true bugs: Triatoma, Rhodnius
• Onchocerciasis
  • blackflies: Simulium
• Leishmaniasis
  • sand flies:Phlebotomus
• Sleeping sickness
  • tse tse flies:

感染経路

• blood feeding
• mechanical transmission
  • direct mechanical transmission
    • thru wound by biting or scratching
  • indirect mechanical transmission
    • Chagas via Triatoma's feces

Mosquitos

• mosquito species > 3,500
• disease-transmitting mosquito species ≈ 300

Non-venomous invertebrates

• Bedbug
  • Cimex lectularius
  • insecticide-resistant bedbug is becoming problem worldwide

blood-sucking vectors

• mono-directional between host and vector
  • Phthiraptera (lice)
  • Hemiptera (kissing bug)
• bi-directional between host and vector
• Diptera (mosquito, fly)
• Siphonaptera (flea)
• Lepidoptera