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*zoon = animal (Gr.)
*noson = disease (Gr.)
*73% of human-affecting 1,415 pathogens are zoonotic
*exclusions
**fish and reptile toxins
**allergies to vertebrates
**animal-derived food-borne
***eg. hep A
*zooanthroponosis = non-human to human
*anthropozoonosis = human to non-human
*amphixenosis = both direction between human and non-human
*orthozoonosis = perpetuated in nature by a single vertebrate species
**rabies (skunk in natural host), brucellosis, anthrax
*cyclozoonosis = requires more than one vertebrate species
**cestoda (tapeworm)
*metazoonosis = requires both of vertebrates and invertebrates
**all arboviral pathogens, some bateria (plague, rickettsia), some parasite (leischmania)
*vector (biological vector)
**carrier of pathogens in which pathogens reproduce
*mechanical transmitter (mechanical vector)
**carrier of pathogens in which pathogens do NOT reproduce
==virus==
===Ebola and Marburg virus===
*''Filoviridae''
*natural host of Marburg virus is almost defined as fruit bat
**Marburg virus has been isolated from fruit bat
*natural host of Ebola virus is still not defined as fruit bat
**viral isolation from fruit bat is required to define
**indirect evidences have been identified
***fragments of genome of Ebola virus have been detected from fruit bat by PCR
***antibody against Ebola virus has been detected from fruit bat sera
***experimental infection of Ebola virus to fruit bat was successful and bat didn't show any symptoms
===Lassa virus===
*endemic in western Africa
*mortality 1-2%
*100,000-300,000 cases/year
*5,000 deaths/year
===Zika virus===
*''Flaviviridae''
*incubation 2-12 days
*''Aedes''
*natural host unknown
**rodents? non-human primates?
**first identification was from rhesus macaque
===MERS-CoV===
===SFTS virus===
*''Bunyaviridae''
*first identified in China in 2011
*natural host unknown
*tick-borne
===Variola virus===
*first pathogen to which concept of ring vaccination was established
==bacteria==
===''Bacillus anthrasis''===
*anthrax
*G(-) rod, aerobic
*spore-forming, capsule-forming
*primarily infects herbivore (cattle, sheep, goat)
*no direct human to human transmission
*there is vaccine for animal
*endemic in many countries
*gastrointestinal anthrax
**ingestion of contaminated meat
**incubation hours to 7 days
**fever, hematemesis, bloody diarrhea
**mortality when untreated 25-60%
**penicillins
*cutaneous anthrax
**common in human; 95% of human anthrax
**inoculation of spores under skin
**incubation hours to 7 days
**small itchy raised blister
**produces ulcer and eschar
**mortality when untreated 20%
*inhalational anthrax
**inhalation of spores
**most likely due to bioterror
**incubation 1-6 days up to 43 days
**mortality 100% despite immediate Tx
==ectoparasite==
*tungiasis
*lice
*(scabies)
==endoparasite==
*myiasis
