「Epidemiology in outbreak」の版間の差分

提供: Vaccipedia | Resources for Vaccines, Tropical medicine and Travel medicine
ナビゲーションに移動 検索に移動
 
4行目: 4行目:
 
*epidemic limited to localised increase in the incidence of disease
 
*epidemic limited to localised increase in the incidence of disease
 
*[https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section11.html Epidemic Disease Occurrence - Level of disease]
 
*[https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section11.html Epidemic Disease Occurrence - Level of disease]
 +
*Sporadic
 +
**a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly
 +
*Endemic
 +
**constant presence
 +
**and/or usual prevalence of a disease
 +
**or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area
 +
*Hyperendemic
 +
**persistent, high levels of disease occurrence.
 +
*Epidemic
 +
**increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area
 +
*Outbreak
 +
**the same definition of epidemic, but is often used for '''a more limited geographic area'''
 +
*Cluster
 +
**aggregation of cases grouped in place and time that are suspected to be greater than the number expected, even though the expected number may not be known
 +
*Pandemic
 +
**epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people.
 +
 +
Epidemics occur when an agent and susceptible hosts are present in adequate numbers, and the agent can be effectively conveyed from a source to the susceptible hosts. More specifically, an epidemic may result from:
 +
 +
    A recent increase in amount or virulence of the agent,
 +
    The recent introduction of the agent into a setting where it has not been before,
 +
    An enhanced mode of transmission so that more susceptible persons are exposed,
 +
    A change in the susceptibility of the host response to the agent, and/or
 +
    Factors that increase host exposure or involve introduction through new portals of entry.(47)
  
 
==what to do when to investigate an outbreak==
 
==what to do when to investigate an outbreak==

2021年6月7日 (月) 16:55時点における最新版

Navigation Menu Vac logo.png
General issues of Vaccine
Cold chain
Correlates of Protection
Vaccines for Asplenia
Vaccines for Pregnant women
Vaccines for Immunocompromised hosts
Vaccine hesitancy
Additional materials of vaccine
General issues of Tropical med.
Definition of Tropical Medicine
Matrices of tropical infection
General issues of Helminths
Neglected Tropical Diseases
Sexually-transmitted infections
Non-Communicable Diseases
Maternal health and contraception
Child health
Malnutrition and Micronutrient
Eosinophilia
Fever in the tropics
Diarrhea in the tropics
Anemia in the tropics
Dermatology in the tropics
Ophthalmology in the tropics
Neurology in the tropics
Mental health in the tropics
Surgery in the tropics
Humanitarian emergency
Epidemiology in outbreak
Antimicrobial resistance
Pathology of infectious diseases
General issues of Travel med.
Epidemiology of Travel health
Last minute traveler
Time zone issue
High altitude medicine
Diving medicine
Pregnancy and travel
Children and travel
Elderly and travel
Immunology
Principle of human immune system
Innate immunity
Cellular immunity
Humoral immunity
Neutralizing antibody and its assay
Antigenic Cartography
Additional materials of immunology
Epi & Stats
Basics & Definition
Epidemiology
Odds in statistics and Odds in a horse race
Collider bias
Data distribution
Statistical test
Regression model
Multivariate analysis
Marginal effects
Prediction and decision
Table-related commands in STATA
Missing data and imputation
Virus
HIV
HIV-TB co-infection
HIV-STI interaction
Viral Hemorrhagic Fever
Ebola
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
SFTS
Rabies
Polio
Dengue
Yellow fever
Chikungunya
Zika
Japanese encephalitis
Tick-borne encephalitis
Viral hepatitis
Measles
Smallpox and Monkeypox
Respiratory Syncytial virus
COVID-19
Bivalent BA.1/BA.4-5 mRNA vaccines
Monovalent XBB-1.5 mRNA vaccine
Private archives of the initial phase of the pandemic
Private archives of lecture materials of COVID vaccine as of March 2021
厚生労働省が発出する保健行政関連の文書の読み解き方
Bacteria
Bacteriological tests
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis in Children
HIV-TB co-infection
Leprosy
Dermatological mycobacterium infecions
Syphilis and Yaws
Plague
Pneumococcus
Meningococcus
Typhoid
Salmonellosis
Melioidosis
Leptospirosis
Brucellosis
Bartonellosis
Lyme disease and Relapsing fever
Tularaemia
Tetanus
Diphtheria
Anthrax
Coxiellosis
Rickettsia
Rickettsiosis
Scrub typhus
Spotted fevers
Epidemic typhus
Murine typhus
Protozoa
Overview of protozoa
Overview of medicine for protozoa
Malaria
Chagas disease
African trypanosomiasis
Leishmaniasis
Trichomoniasis
Toxoplasmosis
Amoebiasis
Giardiasis
Cryptosporidiosis
Cyclosporiasis
Isosporiasis
Pentatrichomoniasis
Microsporidiasis
Babesiosis
Fungi
General issues of fungi
Coccidioidomycosis
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Talaromycosis
Blastomycosis
Sporotrichosis
Nematode (roundworm)
Nematode principles
Lympatic filariasis
Onchocerciasis
Loiasis
Microscopic differentiation of microfilariae
Strongyloidiasis
Ascariasis
Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)
Trichuriasis (whipworm)
Enterobiasis (pinworm)
Angiostrongyliasis (rat lungworm)
Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm)
Anisakiasis
Trichinellosis (Trichinosis)
Gnathostomiasis
Spirurinasis
Soil-transmitted helminths
Trematode (fluke, distoma)
General issues of Helminths
Trematode principles
Schistosomiasis
Clonorchiasis
Fascioliasis
Paragonimiasis
Metagonimiasis
Cestode (tapeworm)
General issues of Helminths
Cestode principles
Diphyllobothriasis
Sparganosis
Taeniasis
Echinococcosis
Medical Zoology
Zoonosis
Insectology
Mosquitology
Acarology
Batology
Snake toxicology
Scorpion and spider toxicology
Marine toxicology

Chevron-up-blue.png

definition of outbreak by CDC

  • epidemic limited to localised increase in the incidence of disease
  • Epidemic Disease Occurrence - Level of disease
  • Sporadic
    • a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly
  • Endemic
    • constant presence
    • and/or usual prevalence of a disease
    • or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area
  • Hyperendemic
    • persistent, high levels of disease occurrence.
  • Epidemic
    • increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area
  • Outbreak
    • the same definition of epidemic, but is often used for a more limited geographic area
  • Cluster
    • aggregation of cases grouped in place and time that are suspected to be greater than the number expected, even though the expected number may not be known
  • Pandemic
    • epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people.

Epidemics occur when an agent and susceptible hosts are present in adequate numbers, and the agent can be effectively conveyed from a source to the susceptible hosts. More specifically, an epidemic may result from:

   A recent increase in amount or virulence of the agent,
   The recent introduction of the agent into a setting where it has not been before,
   An enhanced mode of transmission so that more susceptible persons are exposed,
   A change in the susceptibility of the host response to the agent, and/or
   Factors that increase host exposure or involve introduction through new portals of entry.(47)

what to do when to investigate an outbreak

  1. Prepare for field work
  2. Establish the existence of an outbreak
  3. Verify the diagnosis
  4. Construct a working case definition
  5. Find cases systematically and record information
  6. Perform descriptive epidemiology
  7. Develop hypotheses
  8. Evaluate hypotheses epidemiologically
  9. As necessary, reconsider, refine, and re-evaluate hypotheses
  10. Compare and reconcile with laboratory and/or environmental studies
  11. Implement control and prevention measures
  12. Initiate or maintain surveillance
  13. Communicate findings

second attack rate (SAR)

  • proportion of individuals who are exposed to an infectious agent who become ill

[math]\displaystyle{ SAR=\frac{number_of_becoming_ill}{number_of_exposed} }[/math]

reproduction number

basic reproduction number

  • average number of secondary cases caused by a single primary case in a fully susceptible population

effective reproduction number

  • actual number of secondary cases per single primary case

time course

  • incubation period
    • followed by symptomatic p.
  • symptomatic p.


  • latent (pre-infectious) p.
    • followed by infectious p.
  • infectious p.


  • serial interval
    • time from illness onset of primary case to illness onset of secondary case caused by primary case
  • generation time
    • time from infection of primary case to /u>infection of secondary case caused by primary case

SIR model

  • S = susceptible
  • I = infected
  • R = recovered
  • β = transmission coefficient (S→I)
  • γ = recovery rate (I→R)