「Matrices of tropical infection」の版間の差分

提供: Vaccipedia | Resources for Vaccines, Tropical medicine and Travel medicine
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1行目: 1行目:
 
{{TM menu}}
 
{{TM menu}}
  
−
==Reproduction of protozoa==
+
==Routes of transmission==
−
{|class="wikitable"
+
===Vertical transmission===
 +
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
+
!style="width:12.5%|
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Virus
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Fungi
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Nematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Trematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
 +
|-
 +
!placental
 +
|
 +
*[[HIV]]
 +
*[[Viral hepatitis|Hepatitis B]]
 +
|
 +
*[[Syphilis]]
 +
|
 +
*[[Trypanosomiasis|Chagas]]
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!asexual
+
!transvaginal
 +
|
 +
*[[HIV]]
 +
*[[Viral hepatitis|Hepatitis B]]
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Gonorrhea|Neonatal gonococcal conjunctivitis]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Amoebiasis|Intestinal amoeba]]
 
−
*[[Giardiasis|Giardia]]
 
−
*[[Trypanosomiasis|Trypanosoma]]
 
−
*[[Leishmaniasis|Leishmania]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!sexual
+
!breastfeeding
 +
|
 +
*[[HTLV-1]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Malaria|Plasmodium]]
 
−
*[[Trypanosomiasis|Trypanosoma also has sexual stage]]
 
−
*[[Leishmaniasis|Leishmania also has sexual stage]]
 
−
*[[Cryptosporidiasis|Cryptosporidium]]
 
−
*[[Cyclosporiasis|Cyclospora]]
 
−
*[[Isosporiasis|Isospora]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
33行目: 50行目:
 
|}
 
|}
  
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==Routes of transmission==
+
===Soil and Water===
−
===Vertical transmission that matters===
+
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
−
{|class="wikitable"
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
+
!style="width:12.5%|
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Virus
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Fungi
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Nematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Trematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
 
|-
 
|-
−
!placental
+
!Soil to skin
 
|
 
|
−
*[[HIV]]
 
−
*[[Viral hepatitis|Hepatitis B]]
 
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Syphilis]]
+
*[[Melioidosis]]
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Trypanosomiasis|Chagas]]
 
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Sporotrichosis]]<br>esp. florists and gardeners
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]] (by larvae)
 +
*[[Strongyloidiasis]] (by larvae)
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!transvaginal
+
!Soil to mouth
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[HIV]]
 
−
*[[Viral hepatitis|Hepatitis B]]
 
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Gonorrhea|Neonatal gonococcal conjunctivitis]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Ascariasis]] (by eggs)
 +
*[[Toxocariasis]] (by eggs)
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!breastfeeding
+
!Soil to airway
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[HTLV-1]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Coccidioidomycosis]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|}
 
−
 
−
===Water===
 
−
{|class="wikitable"
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
+
!Anus to mouth※
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
*[[Enterobiasis (pinworm)]] (by eggs)
 +
*[[Trichuriasis (whipworm)]] (by eggs)
 +
|
 +
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
!Direct contact to freshwater
 
!Direct contact to freshwater
−
|nil
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
*[[Leptospirosis]]
 
*[[Leptospirosis]]
85行目: 114行目:
 
*[[Amoebiasis|''Acanthamoeba'' spp.]] (cornea)
 
*[[Amoebiasis|''Acanthamoeba'' spp.]] (cornea)
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Schistosomiasis]]
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|
 +
*[[Schistosomiasis]] (by cercariae)
 
|-
 
|-
 
!Aspiration of freshwater
 
!Aspiration of freshwater
94行目: 124行目:
 
|
 
|
 
*[[Amoebiasis|''Naegleria fowleri'']]
 
*[[Amoebiasis|''Naegleria fowleri'']]
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
104行目: 135行目:
 
|
 
|
 
*[[Amoebiasis|''Naegleria fowleri'']]
 
*[[Amoebiasis|''Naegleria fowleri'']]
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
*[[Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm)]]
 
*[[Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm)]]
−
|}
 
−
 
−
===Soil===
 
−
{|class="wikitable"
 
−
|-
 
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
 
−
|-
 
−
!soil
 
−
|nil
 
−
|
 
−
*[[Melioidosis]]
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
*[[Strongyloidiasis]]
 
−
*[[Ascariasis]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
 +
※Direct transmission from anus to mouth, though classified as Soil-Transmitted Helminths
  
−
===Animals===
+
===Animals and Aquatic organism===
−
{|class="wikitable"
+
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
+
!style="width:12.5%|
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Virus
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Fungi
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Nematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Trematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Rodent
+
!Rodents
 
|
 
|
 
*Hantavirus
 
*Hantavirus
 
*[[Viral Hemorrhagic Fever|Lassa]]  
 
*[[Viral Hemorrhagic Fever|Lassa]]  
 +
*[[Smallpox and Monkeypox|Monkeypox]]
 
|
 
|
 
*[[Leptospirosis]]
 
*[[Leptospirosis]]
 
*[[Plague]]
 
*[[Plague]]
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
148行目: 173行目:
 
*[[Bartonellosis]]
 
*[[Bartonellosis]]
 
*[[Brucellosis]]
 
*[[Brucellosis]]
 +
*[[Anthrax]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Trichinellosis]]
 
|
 
|
 +
|
 +
*[[Taeniasis]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
!
+
!Freshwater fish
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
*[[Gnathostomiasis]] (by larvae)
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Metagonimiasis]] (by metacercariae)<br>(sweetfish 鮎)
 
|
 
|
 +
|-
 +
!Freshwater crab
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
*[[Paragonimiasis]] (by metacercariae)
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
!Sea fish
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
*[[Anisakiasis]] (by larvae)
 +
|
 +
|
 +
*[[Diphyllobothriasis]]
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
===Flies===
 
===Flies===
−
{|class="wikitable"
+
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
+
!style="width:12.5%|
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Virus
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Fungi
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Nematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Trematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Sandfly
+
!Sandfly ''Phlebotomus''<br>- old world (Africa)
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Bartonellosis]]<br>(Oroya fever, Carrion's disease)
 
 
|
 
|
 
*[[Leishmaniasis]]
 
*[[Leishmaniasis]]
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Blackfly
+
!Sandfly ''Lutzomyia''<br>- new world (Americas)
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Bartonellosis]]<br>(Oroya fever, Carrion's disease)
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Leishmaniasis]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Onchocerciasis]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
190行目: 252行目:
 
|
 
|
 
*[[Trypanosomiasis|African trypanosomiasis]]
 
*[[Trypanosomiasis|African trypanosomiasis]]
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
![https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/Creatures/livestock/deer_fly.htm Deer fly<br>''Chrysops'']
+
!Blackfly
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Loasis]]
+
|
 +
*[[Onchocerciasis]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
![https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/Creatures/livestock/deer_fly.htm Horse fly<br>''Tabanus'']
+
![https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/Creatures/livestock/deer_fly.htm Deer fly ''Chrysops'']
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Loasis]]
+
|
 +
*[[Loiasis]]
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
![https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/Creatures/livestock/deer_fly.htm Horse fly ''Tabanus'']
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
*[[Loiasis]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
==Incubation period/Latent infection==
+
===Acari, Fleas, Lice===
−
{|class="wikitable"
+
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
+
!style="width:12.5%" colspan="2"|
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Virus
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Fungi
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Nematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Trematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Incubation/latency possibly > 1 year
+
!rowspan="6"|hard<br>ticks!!''Ixodes''
 +
|
 +
*[[Tick-borne encephalitis]]
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Lyme disease and Relapsing fever|Lyme disease]]
 +
*[[Tularaemia]]
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Melioidosis]]
 
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Leishmania]]
 
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Trypanosomiasis|''Trypanosoma cruzi'']]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|}
 
−
 
−
==Target organs==
 
−
===Eye involvement===
 
−
{|class="wikitable"
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
+
!''Dermacentor''
 +
|
 +
*[[Viral Hemorrhagic Fever|Omsk hemorrhagic fever]]
 +
|
 +
*[[Spotted fevers|Rocky Mountain spotted fever]]
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Conjunctivitis
+
!''Haemaphysalis''
 +
|
 +
*[[Viral Hemorrhagic Fever|Kyasanur Forest disease]]
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Zika]]
 
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Leptospirosis]] as conjunctival suffusion
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|}
 
−
 
−
===Skin involvement===
 
−
{|class="wikitable"
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
+
!''Hyalomma''
 +
|
 +
*[[Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever]]
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!larvae migrans
+
!''Rhipicephalus''
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Spotted fevers|Mediterranean spotted fever]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]]
 
−
*[[Gnathostomiasis]]
 
−
*[[Strongyloidiasis]] as larva currens
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|}
 
−
 
−
===Liver and spleen involvement===
 
−
{|class="wikitable"
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
+
!''Amblyomma''
 +
|
 +
|
 +
*[[Spotted fevers|African spotted fever<br>(African tick bite fever)]]
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Jaundice
+
!soft<br>ticks!!''Ornithodoros''
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Viral hepatitis]]
+
*[[Lyme disease and Relapsing fever|Relapsing fever]]
−
*[[Yellow fever]]
 
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Leptospirosis]]
 
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Malaria]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Hepatosplenomegaly
+
!chigger<br>mite!!''Leptotrombidium''
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Melioidosis]]
+
*[[Scrub typhus]]
−
*[[Brucellosis]]
+
|
−
*[[Bartonellosis|Oroya fever]]
 
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Malaria]]
 
−
*[[Leishmaniasis|Visceral leishmaniasis]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Schistosomiasis]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Hepatomegaly predominant
+
!colspan="2"|flea
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Viral hepatitis]]
+
*[[Plague]]
 +
*[[Murine typhus]]
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Leptospirosis]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
305行目: 394行目:
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Splenomegaly predominant
+
!colspan="2"|lice
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Epidemic typhus]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Leishmaniasis|Visceral leishmaniasis]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
315行目: 405行目:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
==Infected cells==
+
==Incubation period/Latent infection==
−
{|class="wikitable"
+
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
+
!style="width:12.5%|
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Virus
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Fungi
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Nematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Trematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Macrophage
+
!possibly > 1 year
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Tuberculosis]]
 
−
*[[Brucellosis]]
 
 
*[[Melioidosis]]
 
*[[Melioidosis]]
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Trypanosomiasis]]
+
*[[Leishmania]]
−
*[[Leishmaniasis]]
+
*[[Trypanosomiasis|''Trypanosoma cruzi'']]
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
==Target organs==
 +
===Eye involvement===
 +
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
 +
|-
 +
!style="width:12.5%|
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Virus
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Fungi
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Nematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Trematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
 +
|-
 +
!Conjunctivitis
 +
|
 +
*[[Zika]]
 +
|
 +
*[[Leptospirosis]] as conjunctival suffusion
 +
|
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
334行目: 455行目:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
==Syndromes==
+
===Skin involvement===
−
{|class="wikitable"
+
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
+
!style="width:12.5%|
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Virus
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Fungi
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Nematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Trematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
 
|-
 
|-
−
!L&ouml;effler syndrome
+
!larvae migrans
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Ascariasis]]
 
−
*[[Strongyloidiasis]]
 
 
*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]]
 
*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]]
 +
*[[Gnathostomiasis]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Mazzotti reaction
+
!larvae currens
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Onchocerciasis|DEC for onchocerciasis highly possible]]
+
*[[Strongyloidiasis]]
−
*[[Onchocerciasis|Ivermectin for onchocerciasis sometimes possible]]
 
−
*[[Loiasis|Ivermectin for loasis with onchocerca sometimes possible]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
==Treatment==
+
===Liver and spleen involvement===
−
===Treatment for helminths===
+
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
−
{|class="wikitable"
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
+
!style="width:12.5%|
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Virus
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Fungi
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Nematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Trematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Diethylcarbamazepine<br>(DEC)
+
!Jaundice
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Viral hepatitis]]
 +
*[[Yellow fever]]
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Leptospirosis]]
 +
|
 +
*[[Malaria]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Lymphatic filariasis]]
 
−
*[[Loiasis|Loiasis when <8,000MF/mL]]
 
−
*'''NEVER for [[Onchocerciasis]]''' and beware of co-infection
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Ivermectin
+
!Hepato-<br>splenomegaly
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Melioidosis]]
 +
*[[Brucellosis]]
 +
*[[Bartonellosis|Oroya fever]]
 +
|
 +
*[[Malaria]]
 +
*[[Leishmaniasis|Visceral leishmaniasis]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Onchocerciasis]]
 
−
**beware of Mazzotti and encephalopathy
 
−
*'''NEVER for [[Loiasis]]''' and beware of co-infection
 
−
*[[Strongyloidiasis]]
 
−
*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]]
 
−
*[[Gnathostomiasis]]
 
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Schistosomiasis]]
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Albendazole
+
!Hepatomegaly predominant
 +
|
 +
*[[Viral hepatitis]]
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Leptospirosis]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Loiasis|Loiasis when >8,000MF/mL]]
 
−
*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]]
 
−
*[[Trichuriasis (whipworm)]]
 
−
*[[Trichinellosis]]
 
−
*[[Toxocariasis]]
 
−
*[[Enterobiasis (pinworm)]]
 
−
*[[Gnathostomiasis]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Echinococcosis]]
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Praziquantel
+
!Splenomegaly predominant
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|
 +
*[[Leishmaniasis|Visceral leishmaniasis]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Ascariasis]]
 
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Schistosomiasis|Adult of schistosoma]]
 
−
*[[Clonorchiasis]]
 
−
*[[Paragonimiasis]]
 
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Diphyllobothriasis]]
+
|}
−
*[[Taeniasis]]
+
 
−
*[[Echinococcosis]]
+
==Infected cells==
 +
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
 +
|-
 +
!style="width:12.5%|
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Virus
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Fungi
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Nematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Trematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Triclabendazole
+
!Red blood cell
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Malaria]]
 +
*[[Babesiosis]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Fasciolasis]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Doxycycline
+
!Macrophage
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Tuberculosis]]
 +
*[[Brucellosis]]
 +
*[[Melioidosis]]
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Trypanosomiasis]]
 +
*[[Leishmaniasis]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Lymphatic filariasis|Adult of lymphatic filariae for ''Wolbachia'']]
 
−
*[[Onchocerciasis|Adult of onchocerca for ''Wolbachia'']]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
==Syndromes with special names==
 +
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
 +
|-
 +
!style="width:12.5%|
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Virus
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Fungi
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Nematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Trematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Mechanical removal<br>Spontaneous resolution<br>No effective treatment
+
!Katayama syndrome
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm)]]
 
−
*[[Anisakiasis]]
 
−
*[[Angiostrongyliasis (rat lungworm)]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Echinococcosis|PAIR for ''Echinococcus granulosus''<br>Surgery for ''Echinococcus multilocularis'']]
+
*[[Schistosomiasis]]
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
===Options for LF, Oncho and Loiasis===
 
−
{|class="wikitable"
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !![[Lymphatic filariasis]]!![[Onchocerciasis]]!![[Loiasis]]!!LF & Oncho!!LF & Loiasis!!Oncho & Loiasis
+
!L&ouml;effler syndrome
−
|-
+
|
−
!Diethylcarbamazepine<br>(DEC)
+
|
−
|style="background:aquamarine;"|1st line
+
|
−
|style="background:pink;"|'''NEVER'''<br>possibly Mazzotti
+
|
−
|style="background:aquamarine;"|<8,000MF/mL
 
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Ascariasis]]
 +
*[[Strongyloidiasis]]
 +
*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Ivermectin
+
!Mazzotti reaction
 
|
 
|
−
|style="background:aquamarine;"|1st line
+
|
−
|style="background:pink;"|'''NEVER'''<br>possibly encephalopathy
+
|
−
|rowspan="2"|[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC293471/ Ivermectin + Albendazole may be safe]
+
|
 +
|
 +
*[[Onchocerciasis|DEC for onchocerciasis highly possible]]
 +
*[[Onchocerciasis|Ivermectin for onchocerciasis sometimes possible]]
 +
*[[Loiasis|Ivermectin for loasis with onchocerca sometimes possible]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Albendazole
+
!Wakana syndrome
 +
|
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|style="background:aquamarine;"|>8,000MF/mL
 
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
==Treatment==

2023年9月21日 (木) 17:28時点における最新版

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Routes of transmission

Vertical transmission

Virus Bacteria/
Rickettsia 		Protozoa Fungi Nematode Trematode Cestode
placental
transvaginal
breastfeeding

Soil and Water

Virus Bacteria/
Rickettsia 		Protozoa Fungi Nematode Trematode Cestode
Soil to skin
Soil to mouth
Soil to airway
Anus to mouth※
Direct contact to freshwater
Aspiration of freshwater
Ingestion of freshwater

※Direct transmission from anus to mouth, though classified as Soil-Transmitted Helminths

Animals and Aquatic organism

Virus Bacteria/
Rickettsia 		Protozoa Fungi Nematode Trematode Cestode
Rodents
Domestic animals
Freshwater fish
Freshwater crab
Sea fish

Flies

Virus Bacteria/
Rickettsia 		Protozoa Fungi Nematode Trematode Cestode
Sandfly Phlebotomus
- old world (Africa)
Sandfly Lutzomyia
- new world (Americas)
Tse Tse fly
Blackfly
Deer fly Chrysops
Horse fly Tabanus

Acari, Fleas, Lice

Virus Bacteria/
Rickettsia 		Protozoa Fungi Nematode Trematode Cestode
hard
ticks		 Ixodes
Dermacentor
Haemaphysalis
Hyalomma
Rhipicephalus
Amblyomma
soft
ticks		 Ornithodoros
chigger
mite		 Leptotrombidium
flea
lice

Incubation period/Latent infection

Virus Bacteria/
Rickettsia 		Protozoa Fungi Nematode Trematode Cestode
possibly > 1 year

Target organs

Eye involvement

Virus Bacteria/
Rickettsia 		Protozoa Fungi Nematode Trematode Cestode
Conjunctivitis

Skin involvement

Virus Bacteria/
Rickettsia 		Protozoa Fungi Nematode Trematode Cestode
larvae migrans
larvae currens

Liver and spleen involvement

Virus Bacteria/
Rickettsia 		Protozoa Fungi Nematode Trematode Cestode
Jaundice
Hepato-
splenomegaly
Hepatomegaly predominant
Splenomegaly predominant

Infected cells

Virus Bacteria/
Rickettsia 		Protozoa Fungi Nematode Trematode Cestode
Red blood cell
Macrophage

Syndromes with special names

Virus Bacteria/
Rickettsia 		Protozoa Fungi Nematode Trematode Cestode
Katayama syndrome
Löeffler syndrome
Mazzotti reaction
Wakana syndrome

Treatment

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