「Matrices of tropical infection」の版間の差分

提供: Vaccipedia | Resources for Vaccines, Tropical medicine and Travel medicine
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1行目: 1行目:
 
{{TM menu}}
 
{{TM menu}}
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−
==Reproduction of protozoa==
 
−
{|class="wikitable"
 
−
|-
 
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
 
−
|-
 
−
!asexual
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
*[[Amoebiasis|Intestinal amoeba]]
 
−
*[[Giardiasis|Giardia]]
 
−
*[[Trypanosomiasis|Trypanosoma]]
 
−
*[[Leishmaniasis|Leishmania]]
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
!sexual
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
*[[Malaria|Plasmodium]]
 
−
*[[Trypanosomiasis|Trypanosoma also has sexual stage]]
 
−
*[[Leishmaniasis|Leishmania also has sexual stage]]
 
−
*[[Cryptosporidiasis|Cryptosporidium]]
 
−
*[[Cyclosporiasis|Cyclospora]]
 
−
*[[Isosporiasis|Isospora]]
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|}
 
  
 
==Routes of transmission==
 
==Routes of transmission==
−
===Vertical transmission that matters===
+
===Vertical transmission===
−
{|class="wikitable"
+
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
+
!style="width:12.5%|
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Virus
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Fungi
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Nematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Trematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
 
|-
 
|-
 
!placental
 
!placental
47行目: 22行目:
 
|
 
|
 
*[[Trypanosomiasis|Chagas]]
 
*[[Trypanosomiasis|Chagas]]
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
57行目: 33行目:
 
|
 
|
 
*[[Gonorrhea|Neonatal gonococcal conjunctivitis]]
 
*[[Gonorrhea|Neonatal gonococcal conjunctivitis]]
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
65行目: 42行目:
 
|
 
|
 
*[[HTLV-1]]
 
*[[HTLV-1]]
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
72行目: 50行目:
 
|}
 
|}
  
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===Water===
+
===Soil and Water===
−
{|class="wikitable"
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{|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
+
!style="width:12.5%|
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Virus
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Fungi
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Nematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Trematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Direct contact to freshwater
+
!Soil to skin
−
|nil
+
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Leptospirosis]]
 
 
*[[Melioidosis]]
 
*[[Melioidosis]]
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Amoebiasis|''Acanthamoeba'' spp.]] (cornea)
 
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Schistosomiasis]]
+
*[[Sporotrichosis]]<br>esp. florists and gardeners
 +
|
 +
*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]] (by larvae)
 +
*[[Strongyloidiasis]] (by larvae)
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Aspiration of freshwater
+
!Soil to mouth
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Melioidosis]]
 
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Amoebiasis|''Naegleria fowleri'']]
 
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Ascariasis]] (by eggs)
 +
*[[Toxocariasis]] (by eggs)
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Ingestion of freshwater
+
!Soil to airway
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Melioidosis]]
 
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Amoebiasis|''Naegleria fowleri'']]
+
*[[Coccidioidomycosis]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm)]]
 
−
|}
 
−
 
−
===Soil===
 
−
{|class="wikitable"
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
+
!Anus to mouth※
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
*[[Enterobiasis (pinworm)]] (by eggs)
 +
*[[Trichuriasis (whipworm)]] (by eggs)
 +
|
 +
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!soil to skin
+
!Direct contact to freshwater
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Leptospirosis]]
 
*[[Melioidosis]]
 
*[[Melioidosis]]
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Amoebiasis|''Acanthamoeba'' spp.]] (cornea)
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]] (by larvae)
 
−
*[[Strongyloidiasis]] (by larvae)
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Schistosomiasis]] (by cercariae)
 
|-
 
|-
−
!soil to mouth
+
!Aspiration of freshwater
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Melioidosis]]
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Amoebiasis|''Naegleria fowleri'']]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Ascariasis]] (by eggs)
 
−
*[[Toxocariasis]] (by eggs)
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!direct anus to mouth<br>though called as<br>soil-transmitted helminths
+
!Ingestion of freshwater
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Melioidosis]]
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Amoebiasis|''Naegleria fowleri'']]
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Enterobiasis (pinworm)]] (by eggs)
+
|
−
*[[Trichuriasis (whipworm)]] (by eggs)
+
*[[Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm)]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
 +
※Direct transmission from anus to mouth, though classified as Soil-Transmitted Helminths
  
−
===Aquatic organism===
+
===Animals and Aquatic organism===
−
{|class="wikitable"
+
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
+
!style="width:12.5%|
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Virus
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Fungi
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Nematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Trematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
 
|-
 
|-
−
!freshwater fish
+
!Rodents
 
|
 
|
 +
*Hantavirus
 +
*[[Viral Hemorrhagic Fever|Lassa]]
 +
*[[Smallpox and Monkeypox|Monkeypox]]
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Leptospirosis]]
 +
*[[Plague]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Gnathostomiasis]] (by larvae)
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Metagonimiasis]] (by metacercariae)<br>(sweetfish 鮎)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
!freshwater crab
+
!Domestic animals
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Bartonellosis]]
 +
*[[Brucellosis]]
 +
*[[Anthrax]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Trichinellosis]]
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Paragonimiasis]] (by metacercariae)
+
|
 +
*[[Taeniasis]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
!sea fish
+
!Freshwater fish
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Anisakiasis]] (by larvae)
 
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Gnathostomiasis]] (by larvae)
 +
|
 +
*[[Metagonimiasis]] (by metacercariae)<br>(sweetfish 鮎)
 
|
 
|
−
|}
 
−
 
−
===Animals===
 
−
{|class="wikitable"
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
+
!Freshwater crab
−
|-
+
|
−
!Rodent
+
|
 
|
 
|
−
*Hantavirus
 
−
*[[Viral Hemorrhagic Fever|Lassa]]
 
−
*[[Monkeypox]]
 
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Leptospirosis]]
 
−
*[[Plague]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Paragonimiasis]] (by metacercariae)
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Domestic animals
+
!Sea fish
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Bartonellosis]]
 
−
*[[Brucellosis]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Trichinellosis]]
+
*[[Anisakiasis]] (by larvae)
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Diphyllobothriasis]]
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
===Flies===
 
===Flies===
−
{|class="wikitable"
+
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematodes!!Trematodes!!Cestodes
+
!style="width:12.5%|
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Virus
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Fungi
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Nematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Trematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Sandfly
+
!Sandfly ''Phlebotomus''<br>- old world (Africa)
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Bartonellosis]]<br>(Oroya fever, Carrion's disease)
 
 
|
 
|
 
*[[Leishmaniasis]]
 
*[[Leishmaniasis]]
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Blackfly
+
!Sandfly ''Lutzomyia''<br>- new world (Americas)
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Bartonellosis]]<br>(Oroya fever, Carrion's disease)
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Leishmaniasis]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Onchocerciasis]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
238行目: 252行目:
 
|
 
|
 
*[[Trypanosomiasis|African trypanosomiasis]]
 
*[[Trypanosomiasis|African trypanosomiasis]]
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
![https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/Creatures/livestock/deer_fly.htm Deer fly<br>''Chrysops'']
+
!Blackfly
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Loiasis]]
+
*[[Onchocerciasis]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
![https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/Creatures/livestock/deer_fly.htm Horse fly<br>''Tabanus'']
+
![https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/Creatures/livestock/deer_fly.htm Deer fly ''Chrysops'']
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
259行目: 276行目:
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|}
 
−
 
−
==Incubation period/Latent infection==
 
−
{|class="wikitable"
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
+
![https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/Creatures/livestock/deer_fly.htm Horse fly ''Tabanus'']
−
|-
+
|
−
!Incubation/latency possibly > 1 year
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Melioidosis]]
 
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Leishmania]]
 
−
*[[Trypanosomiasis|''Trypanosoma cruzi'']]
 
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Loiasis]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
==Target organs==
+
===Acari, Fleas, Lice===
−
===Eye involvement===
+
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
−
{|class="wikitable"
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
+
!style="width:12.5%" colspan="2"|
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Virus
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Fungi
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Nematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Trematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Conjunctivitis
+
!rowspan="6"|hard<br>ticks!!''Ixodes''
 +
|
 +
*[[Tick-borne encephalitis]]
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Zika]]
+
*[[Lyme disease and Relapsing fever|Lyme disease]]
 +
*[[Tularaemia]]
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Leptospirosis]] as conjunctival suffusion
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|}
 
−
 
−
===Skin involvement===
 
−
{|class="wikitable"
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
+
!''Dermacentor''
−
|-
+
|
−
!larvae migrans
+
*[[Viral Hemorrhagic Fever|Omsk hemorrhagic fever]]
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Spotted fevers|Rocky Mountain spotted fever]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]]
 
−
*[[Gnathostomiasis]]
 
−
*[[Strongyloidiasis]] as larva currens
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|}
 
−
 
−
===Liver and spleen involvement===
 
−
{|class="wikitable"
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
+
!''Haemaphysalis''
−
|-
+
|
−
!Jaundice
+
*[[Viral Hemorrhagic Fever|Kyasanur Forest disease]]
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Viral hepatitis]]
 
−
*[[Yellow fever]]
 
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Leptospirosis]]
 
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Malaria]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Hepatosplenomegaly
+
!''Hyalomma''
 +
|
 +
*[[Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Melioidosis]]
 
−
*[[Brucellosis]]
 
−
*[[Bartonellosis|Oroya fever]]
 
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Malaria]]
 
−
*[[Leishmaniasis|Visceral leishmaniasis]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Schistosomiasis]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Hepatomegaly predominant
+
!''Rhipicephalus''
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Viral hepatitis]]
+
*[[Spotted fevers|Mediterranean spotted fever]]
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Leptospirosis]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
353行目: 353行目:
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Splenomegaly predominant
+
!''Amblyomma''
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Spotted fevers|African spotted fever<br>(African tick bite fever)]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Leishmaniasis|Visceral leishmaniasis]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|}
 
−
 
−
==Infected cells==
 
−
{|class="wikitable"
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
+
!soft<br>ticks!!''Ornithodoros''
−
|-
+
|
−
!Macrophage
 
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Lyme disease and Relapsing fever|Relapsing fever]]
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Tuberculosis]]
 
−
*[[Brucellosis]]
 
−
*[[Melioidosis]]
 
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Trypanosomiasis]]
 
−
*[[Leishmaniasis]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|}
 
−
 
−
==Syndromes==
 
−
{|class="wikitable"
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
+
!chigger<br>mite!!''Leptotrombidium''
−
|-
+
|
−
!Katayama syndrome
 
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Scrub typhus]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
394行目: 382行目:
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Schistosomiasis]]
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
!L&ouml;effler syndrome
+
!colspan="2"|flea
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Plague]]
 +
*[[Murine typhus]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Ascariasis]]
 
−
*[[Strongyloidiasis]]
 
−
*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Mazzotti reaction
+
!colspan="2"|lice
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Epidemic typhus]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Onchocerciasis|DEC for onchocerciasis highly possible]]
 
−
*[[Onchocerciasis|Ivermectin for onchocerciasis sometimes possible]]
 
−
*[[Loiasis|Ivermectin for loasis with onchocerca sometimes possible]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
==Incubation period/Latent infection==
 +
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
 +
|-
 +
!style="width:12.5%|
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Virus
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Fungi
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Nematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Trematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Wakana syndrome
+
!possibly > 1 year
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Melioidosis]]
 +
|
 +
*[[Leishmania]]
 +
*[[Trypanosomiasis|''Trypanosoma cruzi'']]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
==Treatment==
+
==Target organs==
−
===Treatment for helminths===
+
===Eye involvement===
−
{|class="wikitable"
+
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !!Virus!!Bacteria and Rickettsia!!Protozoa!!Nematode!!Trematode!!Cestode
+
!style="width:12.5%|
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Virus
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Fungi
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Nematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Trematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Diethylcarbamazine<br>(DEC)
+
!Conjunctivitis
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Zika]]
 +
|
 +
*[[Leptospirosis]] as conjunctival suffusion
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Lymphatic filariasis]]
 
−
*[[Loiasis|Loiasis when <8,000MF/mL]]
 
−
*'''NEVER for [[Onchocerciasis]]''' and beware of co-infection
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
===Skin involvement===
 +
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Ivermectin
+
!style="width:12.5%|
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Virus
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Fungi
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Nematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Trematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
 +
|-
 +
!larvae migrans
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Onchocerciasis]]
 
−
**but Mazzotti 10% and encephalopathy
 
−
*'''NEVER for [[Loiasis]]''' and beware of co-infection
 
−
*[[Strongyloidiasis]]
 
 
*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]]
 
*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]]
 
*[[Gnathostomiasis]]
 
*[[Gnathostomiasis]]
459行目: 478行目:
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Albendazole
+
!larvae currens
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Loiasis|Loiasis when >8,000MF/mL]]
+
|
−
*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]]
+
*[[Strongyloidiasis]]
−
*[[Trichuriasis (whipworm)]]
 
−
*[[Trichinellosis]]
 
−
*[[Toxocariasis]]
 
−
*[[Enterobiasis (pinworm)]]
 
−
*[[Gnathostomiasis]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Echinococcosis]]
+
|}
 +
 
 +
===Liver and spleen involvement===
 +
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Praziquantel
+
!style="width:12.5%|
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Virus
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Fungi
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Nematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Trematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
 +
|-
 +
!Jaundice
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Viral hepatitis]]
 +
*[[Yellow fever]]
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Leptospirosis]]
 +
|
 +
*[[Malaria]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Ascariasis]]
 
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Schistosomiasis|Adult of schistosoma]]
 
−
*[[Clonorchiasis]]
 
−
*[[Paragonimiasis]]
 
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Diphyllobothriasis]]
 
−
*[[Taeniasis]]
 
−
*[[Echinococcosis]]
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Triclabendazole
+
!Hepato-<br>splenomegaly
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Melioidosis]]
 +
*[[Brucellosis]]
 +
*[[Bartonellosis|Oroya fever]]
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Malaria]]
 +
*[[Leishmaniasis|Visceral leishmaniasis]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Fasciolasis]]
+
|
 +
*[[Schistosomiasis]]
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Doxycycline
+
!Hepatomegaly predominant
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Viral hepatitis]]
 +
|
 +
*[[Leptospirosis]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Lymphatic filariasis|Adult of lymphatic filariae for ''Wolbachia'']]
 
−
*[[Onchocerciasis|Adult of onchocerca for ''Wolbachia'']]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Mechanical removal<br>Spontaneous resolution<br>No effective treatment
+
!Splenomegaly predominant
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
*[[Leishmaniasis|Visceral leishmaniasis]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm)]]
 
−
*[[Anisakiasis]]
 
−
*[[Angiostrongyliasis (rat lungworm)]]
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
*[[Echinococcosis|PAIR for ''Echinococcus granulosus'']]
 
−
*[[Echinococcosis|Surgery for ''Echinococcus multilocularis'']]
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
===Options for LF, Oncho and Loiasis===
+
==Infected cells==
−
{|class="wikitable"
+
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !![[Lymphatic filariasis]]!![[Onchocerciasis]]!![[Loiasis]]
+
!style="width:12.5%|
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Virus
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Fungi
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Nematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Trematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Diethylcarbamazine<br>(DEC)
+
!Red blood cell
−
|style="background:aquamarine;"|1st line
+
|
−
|style="background:pink; text-align:center;"|'''NEVER'''<br>possibly Mazzotti
+
|
−
|style="background:aquamarine;"|<8,000MF/mL
+
|
 +
*[[Malaria]]
 +
*[[Babesiosis]]
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Ivermectin
+
!Macrophage
 +
|
 +
|
 +
*[[Tuberculosis]]
 +
*[[Brucellosis]]
 +
*[[Melioidosis]]
 +
|
 +
*[[Trypanosomiasis]]
 +
*[[Leishmaniasis]]
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|style="background:aquamarine;"|1st line<br>but Mazzotti 10%
 
−
|style="background:pink; text-align:center;"|'''NEVER'''<br>possibly encephalopathy
 
−
|-
 
−
!Albendazole
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|style="background:aquamarine;"|>8,000MF/mL
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
{|class="wikitable"
+
==Syndromes with special names==
 +
{|class="wikitable" style="width:1000px"
 
|-
 
|-
−
! !![[Lymphatic filariasis]]!!→LF & Oncho←!![[Onchocerciasis]]!!→Oncho & Loiasis←!![[Loiasis]]
+
!style="width:12.5%|
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Virus
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Bacteria/<br>Rickettsia
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Protozoa
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Fungi
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Nematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Trematode
 +
!style="width:12.5%|Cestode
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Diethylcarbamazine<br>(DEC)
+
!Katayama syndrome
−
|style="background:aquamarine;"|1st line
+
|
−
|style="background:pink; text-align:center;"|'''NEVER'''
+
|
−
|style="background:pink; text-align:center;"|'''NEVER'''
+
|
−
|style="background:pink; text-align:center;"|'''NEVER'''
+
|
−
|style="background:aquamarine;"|<8,000MF/mL
+
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
*[[Schistosomiasis]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Ivermectin
+
!L&ouml;effler syndrome
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
*[[Ascariasis]]
 +
*[[Strongyloidiasis]]
 +
*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]]
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|rowspan="2" style="background:aquamarine;"|[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC293471/ Ivermectin + Albendazole<br>may be safe]
 
−
|style="background:aquamarine;"|1st line<br>but Mazzotti 10%
 
−
|style="background:pink; text-align:center;"|'''NEVER'''
 
−
|style="background:pink; text-align:center;"|'''NEVER'''
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Albendazole
+
!Mazzotti reaction
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
*[[Onchocerciasis|DEC for onchocerciasis highly possible]]
 +
*[[Onchocerciasis|Ivermectin for onchocerciasis sometimes possible]]
 +
*[[Loiasis|Ivermectin for loasis with onchocerca sometimes possible]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|may be an option
 
−
|style="background:aquamarine;"|>8,000MF/mL
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
!Other option
+
!Wakana syndrome
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Cytapheresis of oncho MF before DEC
+
|
 +
|
 +
*[[Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)]]
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
==Treatment==

2023年9月21日 (木) 17:28時点における最新版

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Routes of transmission

Vertical transmission

Virus Bacteria/
Rickettsia 		Protozoa Fungi Nematode Trematode Cestode
placental
transvaginal
breastfeeding

Soil and Water

Virus Bacteria/
Rickettsia 		Protozoa Fungi Nematode Trematode Cestode
Soil to skin
Soil to mouth
Soil to airway
Anus to mouth※
Direct contact to freshwater
Aspiration of freshwater
Ingestion of freshwater

※Direct transmission from anus to mouth, though classified as Soil-Transmitted Helminths

Animals and Aquatic organism

Virus Bacteria/
Rickettsia 		Protozoa Fungi Nematode Trematode Cestode
Rodents
Domestic animals
Freshwater fish
Freshwater crab
Sea fish

Flies

Virus Bacteria/
Rickettsia 		Protozoa Fungi Nematode Trematode Cestode
Sandfly Phlebotomus
- old world (Africa)
Sandfly Lutzomyia
- new world (Americas)
Tse Tse fly
Blackfly
Deer fly Chrysops
Horse fly Tabanus

Acari, Fleas, Lice

Virus Bacteria/
Rickettsia 		Protozoa Fungi Nematode Trematode Cestode
hard
ticks		 Ixodes
Dermacentor
Haemaphysalis
Hyalomma
Rhipicephalus
Amblyomma
soft
ticks		 Ornithodoros
chigger
mite		 Leptotrombidium
flea
lice

Incubation period/Latent infection

Virus Bacteria/
Rickettsia 		Protozoa Fungi Nematode Trematode Cestode
possibly > 1 year

Target organs

Eye involvement

Virus Bacteria/
Rickettsia 		Protozoa Fungi Nematode Trematode Cestode
Conjunctivitis

Skin involvement

Virus Bacteria/
Rickettsia 		Protozoa Fungi Nematode Trematode Cestode
larvae migrans
larvae currens

Liver and spleen involvement

Virus Bacteria/
Rickettsia 		Protozoa Fungi Nematode Trematode Cestode
Jaundice
Hepato-
splenomegaly
Hepatomegaly predominant
Splenomegaly predominant

Infected cells

Virus Bacteria/
Rickettsia 		Protozoa Fungi Nematode Trematode Cestode
Red blood cell
Macrophage

Syndromes with special names

Treatment

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