「Rabies」の版間の差分

提供: Vaccipedia | Resources for Vaccines, Tropical medicine and Travel medicine
ナビゲーションに移動 検索に移動
 
1行目: 1行目:
 +
{{TM menu}}
 +
 
==epidemiology==
 
==epidemiology==
 
*endemic >150 countries
 
*endemic >150 countries

2021年5月30日 (日) 16:47時点における最新版

Navigation Menu Vac logo.png
General issues of Vaccine
Cold chain
Correlates of Protection
Vaccines for Asplenia
Vaccines for Pregnant women
Vaccines for Immunocompromised hosts
Vaccine hesitancy
Additional materials of vaccine
General issues of Tropical med.
Definition of Tropical Medicine
Matrices of tropical infection
General issues of Helminths
Neglected Tropical Diseases
Sexually-transmitted infections
Non-Communicable Diseases
Maternal health and contraception
Child health
Malnutrition and Micronutrient
Eosinophilia
Fever in the tropics
Diarrhea in the tropics
Anemia in the tropics
Dermatology in the tropics
Ophthalmology in the tropics
Neurology in the tropics
Mental health in the tropics
Surgery in the tropics
Humanitarian emergency
Epidemiology in outbreak
Antimicrobial resistance
Pathology of infectious diseases
General issues of Travel med.
Epidemiology of Travel health
Last minute traveler
Time zone issue
High altitude medicine
Diving medicine
Pregnancy and travel
Children and travel
Elderly and travel
Immunology
Principle of human immune system
Innate immunity
Cellular immunity
Humoral immunity
Neutralizing antibody and its assay
Antigenic Cartography
Additional materials of immunology
Epi & Stats
Basics & Definition
Epidemiology
Odds in statistics and Odds in a horse race
Collider bias
Data distribution
Statistical test
Regression model
Multivariate analysis
Marginal effects
Prediction and decision
Table-related commands in STATA
Missing data and imputation
Virus
HIV
HIV-TB co-infection
HIV-STI interaction
Viral Hemorrhagic Fever
Ebola
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
SFTS
Rabies
Polio
Dengue
Yellow fever
Chikungunya
Zika
Japanese encephalitis
Tick-borne encephalitis
Viral hepatitis
Measles
Smallpox and Monkeypox
Respiratory Syncytial virus
COVID-19
Bivalent BA.1/BA.4-5 mRNA vaccines
Monovalent XBB-1.5 mRNA vaccine
Private archives of the initial phase of the pandemic
Private archives of lecture materials of COVID vaccine as of March 2021
厚生労働省が発出する保健行政関連の文書の読み解き方
Bacteria
Bacteriological tests
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis in Children
HIV-TB co-infection
Leprosy
Dermatological mycobacterium infecions
Syphilis and Yaws
Plague
Pneumococcus
Meningococcus
Typhoid
Salmonellosis
Melioidosis
Leptospirosis
Brucellosis
Bartonellosis
Lyme disease and Relapsing fever
Tularaemia
Tetanus
Diphtheria
Anthrax
Coxiellosis
Rickettsia
Rickettsiosis
Scrub typhus
Spotted fevers
Epidemic typhus
Murine typhus
Protozoa
Overview of protozoa
Overview of medicine for protozoa
Malaria
Chagas disease
African trypanosomiasis
Leishmaniasis
Trichomoniasis
Toxoplasmosis
Amoebiasis
Giardiasis
Cryptosporidiosis
Cyclosporiasis
Isosporiasis
Pentatrichomoniasis
Microsporidiasis
Babesiosis
Fungi
General issues of fungi
Coccidioidomycosis
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Talaromycosis
Blastomycosis
Sporotrichosis
Nematode (roundworm)
Nematode principles
Lympatic filariasis
Onchocerciasis
Loiasis
Microscopic differentiation of microfilariae
Strongyloidiasis
Ascariasis
Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)
Trichuriasis (whipworm)
Enterobiasis (pinworm)
Angiostrongyliasis (rat lungworm)
Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm)
Anisakiasis
Trichinellosis (Trichinosis)
Gnathostomiasis
Spirurinasis
Soil-transmitted helminths
Trematode (fluke, distoma)
General issues of Helminths
Trematode principles
Schistosomiasis
Clonorchiasis
Fascioliasis
Paragonimiasis
Metagonimiasis
Cestode (tapeworm)
General issues of Helminths
Cestode principles
Diphyllobothriasis
Sparganosis
Taeniasis
Echinococcosis
Medical Zoology
Zoonosis
Insectology
Mosquitology
Acarology
Batology
Snake toxicology
Scorpion and spider toxicology
Marine toxicology

Chevron-up-blue.png

epidemiology

  • endemic >150 countries
  • 55,000 deaths/year
    • mostly children in Asia and Africa
    • mainly in rural areas
  • most endemic in India followed by Bangladesh and China as well as Pakistan
  • Latin "rabere" = to rage, to rave
  • Sanskrit "rabhas" = to do violence

pathogen

  • family Rhabdoviridiae, genus Lyssavirus
    • Rabies lyssavirus
    • Duvenhage lyssavirus
    • European bat lyssavirus
  • negative polarity, monostrand RNA virus
  • enveloped
  • 5 component proteins
    • N, P, M, G, L
    • G (glycoprotein) is ligand to cellular invasion
      • target of vaccine
    • human receptor: nAChR, NCAM, p75NTR - all developed only in nerve cells


responsible animals

  • domestic animal - dog, cat in Asia and Africa
  • wildlife - bat, fox, raccoon, coyote in Europe and Americas
  • Lyssavirus circulates within a same animal species
    • sometimes transmitted to other species - "spillover" phenomenon
  • can infect all warm-blooded animals

pathophysiology

  • retrograde fast axonal transport CNS 15-100mm/day
  • spread from CNS to peripheral nerve
  • incubation 4-13 weeks, occasionally up to 6 years
  • despite catastrophic clinical outcome, histopathological changes in CNS are quite mild
    • macroscopically unremarkable
    • microscopically minimal changes characterized by perivascular cuffing of mild degeneration of neuron, microglial activation

transmission route to human

  • 99.99% animal bites
  • aerosol inhalation
    • in cave where infected bats live
  • organ transplantation
  • unrecognized exposure
    • ingestion of infected dog meat
    • butchering of infected dog

symptoms

  1. prodromal symptoms 2-10 days
    1. itchy, tinglings, numbness around bitten site
  2. acute neurological period 2-10 days
    1. furious rabies - 80%
      1. hydrophobia, aerophobia, hypersalivation, hallucination, high grade fever
    2. paralytic rabies - 20%
      1. urinary retention →incontinence, constipation
      2. hydrophobia uncommon - difficult to diagnose
    3. coma to death of 100%

diganosis

  • most of cases are diagnosed postmortem
  • history of animal bite
  • histology of autopsy-obtained brain specimen
    • microscopic observation of Negri body
  • immunofluorescnet
  • RT-PCR of N gene

prevention

  • PEP
  • PreP

control

  • exclusion of straydogs
  • establishment of dog registration
  • mass vaccination for dogs

JAPOHR Project

  • collaboration with STAREPS Project
  • one health approach