Trichinellosis (Trichinosis)

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• 旋毛虫 in Japanese

Pathogen and Taxonomy

• The genus Trichinella has genetically distinguished but taxonomically still undetermined genotypes other than usual species
• The biggest morphological classification is based on the presence/absence of collagen capsule surrounding the pathogen in cysts in infected muscles

※Manson's Tropical Infectious Diseases 24th ed. (published in 2023) describes that T. spiralis has several subspecies but according to NCBI Taxonomy Browser and the following articles subspecies written in Manson's are classified as species.

Pozio, E., Rosa, G. la, Murrell, K. D., & Lichtenfels, J. R. (1992). Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Trichinella. The Journal of Parasitology, 78(4), 654. https://doi.org/10.2307/3283540

Zarlenga, D., Thompson, P., & Pozio, E. (2020). Trichinella species and genotypes. Research in Veterinary Science, 133, 289–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.08.012

Encapsulated	Non-encapsulated
Infect only mammals	Infect birds and mammals, occasionally humans
Trichinella spiralis Trichinella nativa Trichinella nelsoni Trichinella britovi Trichinella murrelli Trichinella patagoniensis Trichinella genotype T6 Trichinella genotype T8 Trichinella genotype T9	Trichinella pseudospiralis Trichinella papuae Trichinella zimbabwensis

Epidemiology

• Since Trichinella infections often cause asymptomatic or mild disease and no serological tests with high performance is available, true epidemiology of human trichinellosis is thought still underestimated.
• Trichinellosis distributes worldwide from arctic region through the tropics.
• Human trichinellosis in developed countries has been dramatically decreased due to improvement of farming and slaughtering of domestic pigs and shrinkage of backyard pig farming in private facilities.

Yayeh, M., Yadesa, G., Erara, M., Fantahun, S., Gebru, A., & Birhan, M. (2020). Epidemiology, diagnosis and public health importance of Trichinellosis. Journal of World’s Poultry Research, 10(3), 131–139. https://doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.ojafr18

Life cycle and Transmission

• Life cycle is maintained amongst host mammals and birds.
  • Pigs and rats (domestic cycle) or wild bores, wild bears, polar bears, rats and birds (sylvatic cycle).
  • Humans are accidental hosts for Trichinella
• Refer to DPDx - Trichinellosis - US CDC

• Transmission to human occurs by ingestion of raw or undercooked meat including pigs, wild bores, horse, dog, bear, polar bear, badger and soft-shelled turtle (スッポン).

Rostami, A., Gamble, H. R., Dupouy-Camet, J., Khazan, H., & Bruschi, F. (2017). Meat sources of infection for outbreaks of human trichinellosis. Food Microbiology, 64, 65–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2016.12.012

• The world-first report of trichinellosis originated from soft-shelled turtle was published in Japan in 2009 (but only in Japanese and neglected from English literature).

前田卓哉, 藤井毅, 岩本愛吉, 長野功, 呉志良, & 高橋優三. (2009). スッポンを感染源とする旋毛虫症例. 病原微生物検出情報, 30(10), 272–273. https://idsc.niid.go.jp/iasr/30/356/kj3563.html

Human disease

• Humans are accidental (deadend) hosts.