Matrices of tropical infection

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Protozoa
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Nematode (roundworm)
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Trematode (fluke, distoma)
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Medical Zoology
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Routes of transmission

Vertical transmission

	Virus	Bacteria/ Rickettsia	Protozoa	Fungi	Nematode	Trematode	Cestode
placental	HIV Hepatitis B	Syphilis	Chagas
transvaginal	HIV Hepatitis B	Neonatal gonococcal conjunctivitis
breastfeeding	HTLV-1

Soil and Water

	Virus	Bacteria/ Rickettsia	Protozoa	Fungi	Nematode	Trematode	Cestode
Soil to skin		Melioidosis		Sporotrichosis esp. florists and gardeners	Ancylostomiasis (hookworm) (by larvae) Strongyloidiasis (by larvae)
Soil to mouth					Ascariasis (by eggs) Toxocariasis (by eggs)
Soil to airway				Coccidioidomycosis
Anus to mouth※					Enterobiasis (pinworm) (by eggs) Trichuriasis (whipworm) (by eggs)
Direct contact to freshwater		Leptospirosis Melioidosis	Acanthamoeba spp. (cornea)			Schistosomiasis (by cercariae)
Aspiration of freshwater		Melioidosis	Naegleria fowleri
Ingestion of freshwater		Melioidosis	Naegleria fowleri		Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm)

※Direct transmission from anus to mouth, though classified as Soil-Transmitted Helminths

Animals and Aquatic organism

	Virus	Bacteria/ Rickettsia	Protozoa	Fungi	Nematode	Trematode	Cestode
Rodents	Hantavirus Lassa Monkeypox	Leptospirosis Plague
Domestic animals		Bartonellosis Brucellosis Anthrax			Trichinellosis		Taeniasis
Freshwater fish					Gnathostomiasis (by larvae)	Metagonimiasis (by metacercariae) (sweetfish 鮎)
Freshwater crab						Paragonimiasis (by metacercariae)
Sea fish					Anisakiasis (by larvae)		Diphyllobothriasis

Flies

	Virus	Bacteria/ Rickettsia	Protozoa	Fungi	Nematode	Trematode	Cestode
Sandfly Phlebotomus - old world (Africa)			Leishmaniasis
Sandfly Lutzomyia - new world (Americas)		Bartonellosis (Oroya fever, Carrion's disease)	Leishmaniasis
Tse Tse fly			African trypanosomiasis
Blackfly					Onchocerciasis
Deer fly Chrysops					Loiasis
Horse fly Tabanus					Loiasis

Acari, Fleas, Lice

		Virus	Bacteria/ Rickettsia	Protozoa	Fungi	Nematode	Trematode	Cestode
hard ticks	Ixodes	Tick-borne encephalitis	Lyme disease Tularaemia
	Dermacentor	Omsk hemorrhagic fever	Rocky Mountain spotted fever
	Haemaphysalis	Kyasanur Forest disease
	Hyalomma	Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
	Rhipicephalus		Mediterranean spotted fever
	Amblyomma		African spotted fever (African tick bite fever)
soft ticks	Ornithodoros		Relapsing fever
chigger mite	Leptotrombidium		Scrub typhus
flea			Plague Murine typhus
lice			Epidemic typhus

Incubation period/Latent infection

	Virus	Bacteria/ Rickettsia	Protozoa	Fungi	Nematode	Trematode	Cestode
possibly > 1 year		Melioidosis	Leishmania Trypanosoma cruzi

Target organs

Eye involvement

	Virus	Bacteria/ Rickettsia	Protozoa	Fungi	Nematode	Trematode	Cestode
Conjunctivitis	Zika	Leptospirosis as conjunctival suffusion

Skin involvement

	Virus	Bacteria/ Rickettsia	Protozoa	Fungi	Nematode	Trematode	Cestode
larvae migrans					Ancylostomiasis (hookworm) Gnathostomiasis
larvae currens					Strongyloidiasis

Liver and spleen involvement

	Virus	Bacteria/ Rickettsia	Protozoa	Fungi	Nematode	Trematode	Cestode
Jaundice	Viral hepatitis Yellow fever	Leptospirosis	Malaria
Hepato- splenomegaly		Melioidosis Brucellosis Oroya fever	Malaria Visceral leishmaniasis			Schistosomiasis
Hepatomegaly predominant	Viral hepatitis	Leptospirosis
Splenomegaly predominant			Visceral leishmaniasis

Infected cells

	Virus	Bacteria/ Rickettsia	Protozoa	Fungi	Nematode	Trematode	Cestode
Red blood cell			Malaria Babesiosis
Macrophage		Tuberculosis Brucellosis Melioidosis	Trypanosomiasis Leishmaniasis

Syndromes with special names

	Virus	Bacteria/ Rickettsia	Protozoa	Fungi	Nematode	Trematode	Cestode
Katayama syndrome							Schistosomiasis
Löeffler syndrome					Ascariasis Strongyloidiasis Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)
Mazzotti reaction					DEC for onchocerciasis highly possible Ivermectin for onchocerciasis sometimes possible Ivermectin for loasis with onchocerca sometimes possible
Wakana syndrome					Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)

Treatment

Treatment options of Lymphatic filariasis, Onchocerciasis and Loiasis

	Lymphatic filariasis	Onchocerciasis	Loiasis
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)	1st line	NEVER possibly Mazzotti	<8,000 MF/mL
Ivermectin		1st line but Mazzotti 10%	NEVER possibly encephalopathy
Albendazole			>8,000 MF/mL

	Lymphatic filariasis	LF & Oncho	Onchocerciasis	Oncho & Loiasis	Loiasis
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)	1st line	NEVER	NEVER	NEVER	<8,000 MF/mL
Ivermectin		Ivermectin + Albendazole may be safe	1st line but Mazzotti 10%	NEVER	NEVER
Albendazole				may be an option	>8,000 MF/mL
Other option				Cytapheresis of oncho MF before DEC

※MF = microfilariae