Matrices of tropical infection

Navigation Menu

General issues of Vaccine
Cold chain Correlates of Protection Vaccines for Asplenia Vaccines for Pregnant women Vaccines for Immunocompromised hosts Vaccine hesitancy Additional materials of vaccine

General issues of Tropical med.

Definition of Tropical Medicine Matrices of tropical infection General issues of Helminths Neglected Tropical Diseases Sexually-transmitted infections Non-Communicable Diseases Maternal health and contraception Child health Malnutrition and Micronutrient Eosinophilia Fever in the tropics Diarrhea in the tropics Anemia in the tropics Dermatology in the tropics Ophthalmology in the tropics Neurology in the tropics Mental health in the tropics Surgery in the tropics Humanitarian emergency Epidemiology in outbreak Antimicrobial resistance Pathology of infectious diseases

General issues of Travel med.
Epidemiology of Travel health Last minute traveler Time zone issue High altitude medicine Diving medicine Pregnancy and travel Children and travel Elderly and travel

Immunology
Principle of human immune system Innate immunity Cellular immunity Humoral immunity Neutralizing antibody and its assay Antigenic Cartography Additional materials of immunology

Epi & Stats
Basics & Definition Epidemiology Odds in statistics and Odds in a horse race Collider bias Data distribution Statistical test Regression model Multivariate analysis Marginal effects Prediction and decision Table-related commands in STATA Missing data and imputation

Virus
HIV HIV-TB co-infection HIV-STI interaction Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Ebola Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever SFTS Rabies Polio Dengue Yellow fever Chikungunya Zika Japanese encephalitis Tick-borne encephalitis Viral hepatitis Measles Smallpox and Monkeypox Respiratory Syncytial virus

COVID-19
Bivalent BA.1/BA.4-5 mRNA vaccines Monovalent XBB-1.5 mRNA vaccine Private archives of the initial phase of the pandemic Private archives of lecture materials of COVID vaccine as of March 2021 厚生労働省が発出する保健行政関連の文書の読み解き方

Bacteria
Bacteriological tests Tuberculosis Tuberculosis in Children HIV-TB co-infection Leprosy Dermatological mycobacterium infecions Syphilis and Yaws Plague Pneumococcus Meningococcus Typhoid Salmonellosis Melioidosis Leptospirosis Brucellosis Bartonellosis Lyme disease and Relapsing fever Tularaemia Tetanus Diphtheria Anthrax Coxiellosis

Rickettsia
Rickettsiosis Scrub typhus Spotted fevers Epidemic typhus Murine typhus

Protozoa
Overview of protozoa Overview of medicine for protozoa Malaria Chagas disease African trypanosomiasis Leishmaniasis Trichomoniasis Toxoplasmosis Amoebiasis Giardiasis Cryptosporidiosis Cyclosporiasis Isosporiasis Pentatrichomoniasis Microsporidiasis Babesiosis

Fungi
General issues of fungi Coccidioidomycosis Paracoccidioidomycosis Histoplasmosis Talaromycosis Blastomycosis Sporotrichosis

Nematode (roundworm)
Nematode principles Lympatic filariasis Onchocerciasis Loiasis Microscopic differentiation of microfilariae Strongyloidiasis Ascariasis Ancylostomiasis (hookworm) Trichuriasis (whipworm) Enterobiasis (pinworm) Angiostrongyliasis (rat lungworm) Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm) Anisakiasis Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) Gnathostomiasis Spirurinasis Soil-transmitted helminths

Trematode (fluke, distoma)
General issues of Helminths Trematode principles Schistosomiasis Clonorchiasis Fascioliasis Paragonimiasis Metagonimiasis

Cestode (tapeworm)
General issues of Helminths Cestode principles Diphyllobothriasis Sparganosis Taeniasis Echinococcosis

Medical Zoology
Zoonosis Insectology Mosquitology Acarology Batology Snake toxicology Scorpion and spider toxicology Marine toxicology

Reproduction of protozoa

	Virus	Bacteria/ Rickettsia	Protozoa	Nematode	Trematode	Cestode
asexual (fission)			Intestinal amoeba Giardia Trypanosoma Leishmania
sexual (zygote)			Plasmodium Cryptosporidium Cyclospora Isospora
both of asexual and sexual			Trypanosomiasis Leishmaniasis

Routes of transmission

Vertical transmission

	Virus	Bacteria/ Rickettsia	Protozoa	Nematode	Trematode	Cestode
placental	HIV Hepatitis B	Syphilis	Chagas
transvaginal	HIV Hepatitis B	Neonatal gonococcal conjunctivitis
breastfeeding	HTLV-1

Soil and Water

	Virus	Bacteria/ Rickettsia	Protozoa	Nematode	Trematode	Cestode
Soil to skin		Melioidosis		Ancylostomiasis (hookworm) (by larvae) Strongyloidiasis (by larvae)
Soil to mouth				Ascariasis (by eggs) Toxocariasis (by eggs)
Anus to mouth though called as soil-transmitted helminths				Enterobiasis (pinworm) (by eggs) Trichuriasis (whipworm) (by eggs)
Direct contact to freshwater		Leptospirosis Melioidosis	Acanthamoeba spp. (cornea)		Schistosomiasis (by cercariae)
Aspiration of freshwater		Melioidosis	Naegleria fowleri
Ingestion of freshwater		Melioidosis	Naegleria fowleri			Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm)

Animals and Aquatic organism

	Virus	Bacteria/ Rickettsia	Protozoa	Nematode	Trematode	Cestode
Rodent	Hantavirus Lassa Monkeypox	Leptospirosis Plague
Domestic animals		Bartonellosis Brucellosis Anthrax		Trichinellosis		Taeniasis
Freshwater fish				Gnathostomiasis (by larvae)	Metagonimiasis (by metacercariae) (sweetfish 鮎)
Freshwater crab					Paragonimiasis (by metacercariae)
Sea fish				Anisakiasis (by larvae)		Diphyllobothriasis

Flies

	Virus	Bacteria/ Rickettsia	Protozoa	Nematode	Trematode	Cestode
Sandfly Phlebotomus - old world (Africa)			Leishmaniasis
Sandfly Lutzomyia - new world (Americas)		Bartonellosis (Oroya fever, Carrion's disease)	Leishmaniasis
Blackfly				Onchocerciasis
Tse Tse fly			African trypanosomiasis
Deer fly Chrysops				Loiasis
Horse fly Tabanus				Loiasis

Acari, Fleas, Lice

		Virus	Bacteria/ Rickettsia	Protozoa	Nematode	Trematode	Cestode
hard ticks	Ixodes	Tick-borne encephalitis	Lyme disease Tularaemia
	Dermacentor	Omsk hemorrhagic fever	Rocky Mountain spotted fever
	Haemaphysalis	Kyasanur Forest disease
	Hyalomma	Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
	Rhipicephalus		Mediterranean spotted fever
	Amblyomma		African spotted fever (African tick bite fever)
soft ticks	Ornithodoros		Relapsing fever
chigger mite	Leptotrombidium		Scrub typhus
flea			Plague Murine typhus
lice			Epidemic typhus

Incubation period/Latent infection

	Virus	Bacteria/ Rickettsia	Protozoa	Nematode	Trematode	Cestode
possibly > 1 year		Melioidosis	Leishmania Trypanosoma cruzi

Target organs

Eye involvement

	Virus	Bacteria/ Rickettsia	Protozoa	Nematode	Trematode	Cestode
Conjunctivitis	Zika	Leptospirosis as conjunctival suffusion

Skin involvement

	Virus	Bacteria/ Rickettsia	Protozoa	Nematode	Trematode	Cestode
larvae migrans				Ancylostomiasis (hookworm) Gnathostomiasis Strongyloidiasis as larva currens

Liver and spleen involvement

	Virus	Bacteria/ Rickettsia	Protozoa	Nematode	Trematode	Cestode
Jaundice	Viral hepatitis Yellow fever	Leptospirosis	Malaria
Hepatosplenomegaly		Melioidosis Brucellosis Oroya fever	Malaria Visceral leishmaniasis		Schistosomiasis
Hepatomegaly predominant	Viral hepatitis	Leptospirosis
Splenomegaly predominant			Visceral leishmaniasis

Infected cells

	Virus	Bacteria/ Rickettsia	Protozoa	Nematode	Trematode	Cestode
Macrophage		Tuberculosis Brucellosis Melioidosis	Trypanosomiasis Leishmaniasis

Syndromes

	Virus	Bacteria and Rickettsia	Protozoa	Nematode	Trematode	Cestode
Katayama syndrome						Schistosomiasis
Löeffler syndrome				Ascariasis Strongyloidiasis Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)
Mazzotti reaction				DEC for onchocerciasis highly possible Ivermectin for onchocerciasis sometimes possible Ivermectin for loasis with onchocerca sometimes possible
Wakana syndrome				Ancylostomiasis (hookworm)

Treatment

Treatment for helminths

	Virus	Bacteria and Rickettsia	Protozoa	Nematode	Trematode	Cestode
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)				Lymphatic filariasis Loiasis when <8,000MF/mL NEVER for Onchocerciasis and beware of co-infection
Ivermectin				Onchocerciasis but Mazzotti 10% and encephalopathy NEVER for Loiasis and beware of co-infection Strongyloidiasis Ancylostomiasis (hookworm) Gnathostomiasis
Albendazole				Loiasis when >8,000MF/mL Ancylostomiasis (hookworm) Trichuriasis (whipworm) Trichinellosis Toxocariasis Enterobiasis (pinworm) Gnathostomiasis		Echinococcosis
Praziquantel				Ascariasis	Adult of schistosoma Clonorchiasis Paragonimiasis	Diphyllobothriasis Taeniasis Echinococcosis
Triclabendazole					Fasciolasis
Doxycycline				Adult of lymphatic filariae for Wolbachia Adult of onchocerca for Wolbachia
Mechanical removal Spontaneous resolution No effective treatment				Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm) Anisakiasis Angiostrongyliasis (rat lungworm)		PAIR for Echinococcus granulosus Surgery for Echinococcus multilocularis

Options for LF, Oncho and Loiasis

	Lymphatic filariasis	Onchocerciasis	Loiasis
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)	1st line	NEVER possibly Mazzotti	<8,000MF/mL
Ivermectin		1st line but Mazzotti 10%	NEVER possibly encephalopathy
Albendazole			>8,000MF/mL

	Lymphatic filariasis	→LF & Oncho←	Onchocerciasis	→Oncho & Loiasis←	Loiasis
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)	1st line	NEVER	NEVER	NEVER	<8,000MF/mL
Ivermectin		Ivermectin + Albendazole may be safe	1st line but Mazzotti 10%	NEVER	NEVER
Albendazole				may be an option	>8,000MF/mL
Other option				Cytapheresis of oncho MF before DEC